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No hormesis

Life span. Visceral adipose tissue volume. Low. No hormesis. Hormesis. Reduced mitochondrial density & resistance to oxidative stress (PGC-1 ↓). Increased mitochondrial density & resistance to oxidative stress (PGC-1 ↑). Pathological insulin resistance. Physiological insulin sensitivity.

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No hormesis

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  1. Life span Visceral adipose tissue volume Low No hormesis Hormesis Reduced mitochondrial density & resistance to oxidative stress (PGC-1 ↓) Increased mitochondrial density & resistance to oxidative stress (PGC-1 ↑) Pathological insulin resistance Physiological insulin sensitivity High Thrifty set point: pivot moves left or right, amplifying effect Metabolic inflexibility Metabolic flexibility Inflammation ↑ Inflammation ↓ Energy saving; thrifty Energy burning: non-thrifty Oxidative stress ↑ Oxidative stress ↓ Excessive calories Excessive calories Ectopic fat Lipotoxicity Lipotolerance Stored fat PPARs ↓ PPARs ↑

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