Chapter 7.24 : Persuasive Speaking

1. Chapter 7.24: Persuasive Speaking

2. What Is a Persuasive Speech? • Persuasive speeches are meant to appeal to the audience’s attitudes, beliefs and values about the issue in question, to sway listeners to the speaker’s point of view. • Attempt to influence audience choices • Limit Alternatives • Seek a response • Respect audience choices

3. LOGOS: Proof By Reason • Logos refers to persuasive appeals directed at the audience’s reasoning on a topic. • These appeals make use of arguments—stated positions, with support for or against an idea

4. PATHOS: Proof By Emotion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1Xh-tZrzwk • Pathos is appeals to audiences emotion • Requires creating a certain disposition in the audience • Four Sets of Emotion • Anger and meekness • Love and hatred • Fear and boldness • Shame and shamelessness

5. ETHOS: Proof Through Character • Ethos are appeals to the speakers character (moral character) • Competence: speakers knowledge and experience with subject • Moral Character- straightforward & honest • Goodwill- general concern for welfare of the audience

6. What is An Argument? • An argument is a stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue. • Arguments are used to present one alternative as superior to other alternatives available to an audience. • The core elements of an argument are a claim, evidence, and warrants. • Sample persuasive speech topics

7. Claims, Evidence, and Warrants • The claim states the speaker’s conclusion, based on evidence, about some state of affairs • The evidence substantiates the claim • The warrant provide reasons that the evidence is valid or supports the claim

8. Use Effective Reasoning • Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions from evidence • Deductive reasoning begins with a general principle or case, followed by a specific example, which leads to a conclusion General Case: All men are mortal Specific Case: Socrates is a man Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal

9. Inductive reasoning moves from a specific case to a general conclusion supported by those cases • Speaker offers evidence that points to a conclusion that appears to be, but is not necessarily true (page 197_ • Causal reasoning, is when the speaker argues that one event, circumstance, or idea (the cause) is the reason (effect) for another • “Smoking causes lung cancer”

10. Types of Claims • Claims • Claims of Fact- focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen • Is homosexuality a generically determined orientation, an outcome of environmental influences, or the result of a combination of factors? • Claims of Value- address issues of judgment • Is assisted suicide ethical? • Claims of Policy- specific course of action be taken or approved by the audience • Students who earn an A on all speech assignments should be exempt from the final exam.

11. Fallacies in Reasoning • Logical fallacy- an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning • Page 198

12. Address Culture • Persuasion depends on appeals to values; culture shapes these values • Core values • Cultural norms • Cultural premises • Emotions

13. Strengthen your case with Organization • Problem-Solution: speech points arranged to demonstrate a problem and then to offer a solution. • Problem-Cause-Solution: speech points arranged in order to demonstrate the problem, reasons for the problem, and solution to the problem. • Monroe’s Motivated Sequence: speech points arranged to motivate listeners to act on something or to shift their attitudes in direction of speaker’s.

14. Types of Organizational Formats • Comparative Advantage- Speech points arranged to demonstrate that your viewpoint or proposal contrasts favorably with (is superior to) one or more alternative positions. • Refutation- Speech points arranged to disprove opposing claims. • Example speech page 206