Exam 2 - Lessons 11-22 Review Slides

1. Exam 2 - Lessons 11-22 Review Slides

2. Lesson 11 WW II -- Global War, Global Strategy

3. Events Chamberlain: “Peace for our time” September 30, 1938 "My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep." Peace For Our Time http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html

4. Japan’s Next Step After China Two factions in Japanese government • “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group) • Led by Army • Favored move north into USSR • “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group) • Led by Navy • Favored move south into Dutch East Indies

5. Events Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan) July-August 1939 Soviet victory Significance: • Japan abandoned northern strategy • Turned south • Set up confrontation with US • USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany • Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol

6. Japan’s Path to War Increase in Militarism in Japanese society US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940) Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940) Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940) Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940) US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940) Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941) US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Aug 1941)

7. Miracle of Dunkirk 300,000+ rescued Equipment abandoned

8. Events March 16, 1935 Germany announces conscription, formation of new army units, navy ships and an air force October 3, 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations imposes economic sanctions March 7, 1936 Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France

9. Events Germany & Italy form Axis Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty Sino-Japanese War begins Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum (“living space”) Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss) October 25, 1936 November 1936 January 17, 1937 July 7, 1937 November 5, 1937 March 12, 1938

10. Events September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany “Phony war” begins April 9, 1940 Germany invades Denmark & Norway Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg May 10, 1940 May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France June 22, 1940 France Surrenders

11. Lesson 12 WW II -- Battle of Britain

12. Operation Sealion Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939 Initial criteria for success: * The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.

13. Operation Sea Lion 1940 German Plan Take control of the air  Defeat the RAF Isolate the invasion area  Neutralize Royal Navy, destroy communications & defenses Invade England  Land Panzers to employ Blitzkrieg tactics Source: Royal Air Force

14. Battle of Britain 1940 Preliminary June – 10 July Phase I: Attacks on Coastal Shipping 10 July –12 August Phase II: Attacks on Fighter Command (airfields & radar) 12 August – 6 September Phase III: Attacks on London 7 September- 5 October Phase IV: Night Attacks on London 6-31 October (officially) Source: Royal Air Force

15. The Fog of War Luftwaffe bomber crews mistakenly bomb London August 24, 1940 • Residential area RAF bombers hit Berlin industrial area in retaliation August 25 Enraged, Hitler orders massive attacks against London and other British cities August 26 Attacks on cities continue into the fall, switching to night raids after September 15th Significance: Gave the RAF a critically needed breather

16. Battle of Britain Factors British use of radar (command & control) German underestimation of RAF strength British “home field” advantage German loss of focus (Change of Objective)

17. Lesson 14 WW II -- Unrestricted Submarine Warfareand the Second Battle of the Atlantic

18. Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Go on the offensive against the U-boats

19. Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Employ convoy system immediately • Increase escort capability

20. Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Expand US shipbuilding industry • Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding

21. Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Go on the offensive against the U-boats • Improve intelligence on U-boat operations • Close Mid-Atlantic Gap • Develop Hunter-Killer teams

22. Hunter-Killer Team

23. Lesson 15 WW II: America Enters the War

24. Japanese Situation 1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan Goal: Make Japan preeminent in Asia Objectives: • Conquer China • Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials • Strengthen military • Build war industry • Improve air & sea transportation Return to Japan’s Decision Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War

25. Japanese Situation Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient (particularly in oil) Problem: US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s oil Morton: Japans Decision for War

26. Japanese Options Move North: Attack Soviet Union Move South: Invade East Indies Reach Accommodation with US Morton: Japans Decision for War

27. Timeline Japan colonizes Korea League of Nations awards Japan control of former German possessions in Micronesia Japan invades Manchuria Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Manchuria Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact Japan provokes incident with China, declares war Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay in Yangtze River 1910 1921 1931 1932 1936: Nov 25 1937: Jul 7 Nov 6 Dec 12 Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

28. Timeline Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress • Proposed Constitutional amendment to require popular referendum prior to entry into war US Naval Expansion Act • Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years Japanese cabinet increases military presence Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol (Manchuria) War in Europe begins 1937: Dec 14 1938: May 17 May 28 Nov 18 1939: Jul 26 Aug Sep Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

29. Timeline New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit weakness of European powers in Asia Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of petroleum & scrap iron to Japan US analysts crack Japanese codes Japan occupies northern French Indochina US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to Japan Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy 1940: Jul Jul 25 Aug Sep Sep 26 Sep 27 Nov 11 Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

30. Timeline Japan occupies all of French Indochina US freezes all Japanese assets in US * General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora begin talks: nations exchange final positions 1941: Jul 24 Jul 26 Oct 17 Nov 20 * Key turning point Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

31. Timeline Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating attack on US assets imminent 0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins 1941: Nov 25 Nov 27 Dec 1 Dec 1 Dec 4 Dec 7 The US and the Coming of World War II

32. Japan’s Decision for War Japan’s Objective: Preeminence in Asia “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand Strategy Major consideration in preparing for war , yet Key reason for going to war

33. Japan’s Decision for War Japanese Strategy • Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines • Establish defensive perimeter • Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia

34. Japan’s Decision for War Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation? Japanese Miscalculations Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives Assumed they could keep the war limited One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war

35. Attack on Pearl Harbor Breaks in our favor: Two aircraft carriers at sea Submarines, fuel stores not attacked Repair facilities intact

36. Lesson 16 WW II – Society At War: The Home Fronts

37. Lesson 17 WW II -- Combined Bombing Offensive

38. Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets … and rules of war are ignored. Hugh Bicheno Oxford Companion to Military History Automatic

39. Targeting Philosophy U.S.: Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific industrial targets British: Night area-bombing of cities Together: Combined Bomber Offensive

40. Strategic Bombing Challenge Selecting the most productive target sets Initially • U-boat facilities After June 1943 • Fighter aircraft • Ball bearings • Petroleum Prior to D-Day • Transportation

41. Critique of Bombing Campaign Established a “Second Front” Precision bombing: results disappointing Impact on morale: ultimately telling • German experience different from British during Blitz "Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among unbombed people." US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War

42. Critique of Bombing Campaign Established a “Second Front” Precision bombing: results disappointing Impact on morale: ultimately telling Impact on war production • German production increased through mid-1944 • Late decision to mobilization • Fighter production displaced bombers • 85% of US bombs dropped after D-day • Influenced final ground war after January 1945 Phillip S. Meilinger Bogus charges Against Airpower Air Force magazine, September 2002

43. Lesson 19 WW II -- Russo-German War

44. Operation Barbarossa Siege of Leningrad September 1941 - January 1944 872 days Civilian: 1,000,000+ Soviet Dead: Red Army: 330,000+

45. Battle of Moscow Siege of Leningrad October 1941 - January 1942 Soviets: Germans: 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks 1,000,000 men, 1,700 tanks

46. Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Moscow August 1942 - February 1943

47. German-Soviet War Until June 1944 • Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army • Stalin pressed for Second Front

48. Lesson 18 WW II -- Amphibious Warfare:The Normandy Campaign

49. Dieppe Raid 19 August 1942 Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port Secondary: • Gather intelligence and capture material • Study German responses • Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle

50. Lessons from Dieppe Need: • Specialized landing craft • Specialized vehicles • Increased fire support • Alternative to capturing a port