Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9 Review Slides

1. Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9 Review Slides

2. Study Note These slides are provided here to help you identify the key topics covered in the lectures. They will assist you in understanding the material but should not be your only review source. Of equal importance are the slides leading up to these summaries. Study these preliminary slides will help you understand the context and importance of the “Buzzword” summary slides. Another valuable review source is the study guide questions for each lesson. Some of the exam questions will come from these. I wish you all the best of success!

3. Lesson 1 The Character of War

4. Definitions of War war, n ., – organized, socially sanctioned armed violence employed by opposing groups against one another, normally for political, social or economic purposes. John F. Guilmartin Ohio State University This will be our working definition

5. Definitions Strategy A plan to match resources to objectives [basic definition] “Matching ends to means”

6. Instruments of National Power All the means that are available for employment in the pursuit of national objectives. DoD

7. Instruments of National Power Examples: • Resolve (will) • Information • Military • Economic • Diplomatic

8. Instruments of National Power Examples: • Diplomatic • Information • Military • Economic • Resolve (will)

9. Levels of War FM 3-0

10. Levels of War Strategic: grand plan for war Operational: getting the forces to the point of battle Tactical: actually fighting the battle

11. Things You Need to Remember Characteristics of “war” Instruments of national power Levels of war

12. Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Shield

13. Weinberger Doctrine • The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . . • If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . . • If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . . • The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . . • Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . . • The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.

14. Reasons for Invasion • Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War • Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy • Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields • Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti independence • Iraq resented the restrictions on access to the sea imposed by Kuwaiti control of the mouth of the Euphrates River Video

15. Guiding Principles of U.S. Policy • The immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait • The restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq • A commitment to the security and stability of the Persian Gulf • The protection of the lives of American citizens abroad National Security Directive 45 US Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait August 20, 1990

16. Operation Desert Shield decision: General Schwarzkopf’s dilemma: With limited mobility resources, do you first: or Deploy forces to defend Saudi Arabia • Deploy fighting forces to defend Saudi Arabia? • Deploy logistics infrastructure to prepare for a bigger fight? … and very aggressively!

17. Timeline of Events • Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990 • Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7 • First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22 • NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15 • Operation Desert Storm air war phase begins, 3 a.m., Jan. 17, 1991 (Jan. 16, 7 p.m. EST)

18. Lesson 3 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Storm

19. Timeline of Events • President Bush authorizes the call-up of up to 1 million National Guardsmen and Reservist for up to two years, Jan. 18. • DoD announces deployment of Europe-based Patriot missiles and crews to Israel, Jan. 19. • Patriot missile first successful intercept of Scud claimed over Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Jan. 17. • Iraq creates massive oil slick in gulf, Jan. 25. • Iraqis ignite estimate 700 oil wells in Kuwait, Feb. 23. • Allied ground assault begins, 4 a.m., Feb 24 • (Feb. 23, 8 p.m. Eastern time).

20. Controversy Why did we not go on to Baghdad?

21. Lesson 4 The Emergence of Total War

22. Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory French Revolutionary Wars 1792-1802 • Levée en Masse - 1793 • “Nation in arms”

23. Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets ... U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 • Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign - 1864-65 • Atlanta - 1864 • Sherman’s Georgia Campaign - 1864 23

24. Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets ... … and the laws of warfare are ignored. 20th Century Wars • Aerial Bombardment • Submarine Warfare • WMD 24

25. Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets ... … and the laws of warfare are ignored. Hugh Bicheno Oxford Companion to Military History 25

26. Military Revolutions Late 19th Century Land Warfare Revolution Naval Revolution All the significant weapons of World War I were in place: • Breech loading rifled artillery • Machine gun • Full power rifle • All big-gun battleship • Submarine

27. Lesson 5 World War I:The Lights Go Out Across Europe

28. Causes of WW I Nationalism Militarism Interlocking Alliances

29. Alliances 1839: Treaty of London (Britain guaranteed Belgian neutrality) 1879: Dual Alliance (Germany & Austria-Hungary) 1882: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) • secret pact 1894:Dual Entente (France, Russia) 1904: Entente Cordiale (France, Britain) 1907: Triple Entente (France, Britain, Russia)

30. Alliances of 1914 Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Italy did not go to war in 1914 • Germany - Austria-Hungary  Central Powers Triple Entente France, Britain, Russia • Became core of the Allied Powers 30

31. Major Power Strategic Goals France Revanche (revenge) Natural Frontiers “Place in the sun” Germany Expand into Balkans Austro-Hungary Russia Re-establish itself after 1905 defeat Expand into Balkans Maintain European balance of power Great Britain

32. The Plans German Schlieffen Plan (1905) Designed to avoid a two-front war Bold envelopment through Belgium Assumptions: • Russia would be slow to mobilize • six weeks or more • Britain would not support Belgium • Belgium would not resist • Quick, decisive victory (short war) "When you march into France, let the last man on the right brush the Channel with his sleeve" German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen

33. The Plans German Schlieffen Plan (1905) German “Schlieffen Plan” (1906) Modified by von Moltke the Younger • Did not enter Holland • Withheld 10 divisions in East Prussia German army understrength in 1914 • Plan required 100 divisions • Only 80 divisions available “Keep the right strong” “Keep the right strong” Alleged to be von Schlieffen’s dying words, 1913

34. The Dominoes Fall June 28 - Assassination in Sarajevo • Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb Nationalist July 23 - Austria sent ultimatum to Serbia July 25 - Serbia accepted all but one condition July 28 - Austria-Hungary declared war upon Serbia. July 29 - The Russian army mobilized. Aug 1 - Germany declared war on Russia. Aug 3 - Germany declared war on France. Aug 4 - Germany declared war on and invaded Belgium. Aug 4 - Britain declared war upon Germany. Aug 6 - Austria declared war on Russia. Aug 12 - France and Britain declared war on Austria.

35. Why Did the German Plan Fail? Faulty assumptions Belgian resistance Communications Logistics Op Tempo (fatigue) Fog of War No naval involvement in plan 35

36. Lesson 6 WW I: Tactics Technology & Attrition

37. Western Front What caused the stalemate? Firepower Machine gun Heavy artillery Outmoded Tactics Inability to Innovate

38. Breaking the Stalemate What attempts were made to break the impasse? Technology • • Poison gas • • Tank • • Light Machine Gun

39. Poison Gas First used by the Germans (Ypres, April 1915) • Initially chlorine gas • Later mustard, phosgene • Violated Geneva Conventions of 1899 and 1907 Total War: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded. US Military Dictionary

40. Tanks First significant use at Cambrai (November 1917) 400+ tanks Breakthrough achieved but … No exploitation !

41. Breaking the Stalemate What attempts were made to break the impasse? Technology Tactics • Strumtruppen (Stormtroopers)

42. Breaking the Stalemate What attempts were made to break the impasse? Technology Tactics Strategy • Dardanelles Campaign ( Gallipoli ) • Maritime Blockade ( both sides ) * • Strategic Distraction ( Germany ) * * Future Lessons

43. Lesson 7 WW I: 1916 – Attrition Warfare

44. The War in 1916 (Attrition Warfare) Feb - Dec 1916 Battle of Verdun • German attempt to force French capitulation by inflicting massive casualties * • Targeted key position French could/would not surrender (Verdun) • French generals had all but abandoned Verdun • Preferred to defend in plains to west • Politicians said “Hold at all cost!” * Controversial interpretation

45. Battle of Verdun 21 February - 18 December 1916 Significance German losses were more telling • Fighting two-front war • Fighting alone on Western Front The Battle of Verdun exhausted our forces like a wound that never heals. Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg Germany realized unrestricted submarine warfare might be the only hope for ending the war

46. Germany’s Dilemma German chancellor, Bethmann, appointed Hindenburg in hope the field marshal would back peace Hindenburg realized Germany could not win the war • Advocated unrestricted submarine warfare as only hope Bethmann feared this would bring US into war Hindenburg advocated strong defense • Hoped to wear down, knock out one of the Allied Powers Prestige of Hindenburg prevailed over chancellor

47. Von Hindenberg’s Strategy Germany needed to drive Britain from the war to have any chance against France Proposed to initiate unrestricted submarine warfare against Britain to starve population, weaken military  Realized this risked bringing US into the war  Gambled that Britain could be defeated (6-12 months) before US intervention would become effective Built, then withdraw to strong defensive positions (Hindenberg Line) to hold along Western Front until sub blockade become effective

48. Review of the War August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins Sept 5-10, 1914 “Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion halted October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front 1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli) Beginning of 1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun 1

49. Lesson 8 WW I: 1917 Desperation & Anticipation -America Enters The War

50. The Victims RMS Lusitania May 7, 1915 Lost: 1,198 of 1,959 souls on board Including 128 Americans, 49 children Compared with daily casualty figures at the Front, the Lusitania fatalities were tiny. But world reaction to what had occurred off the Irish coast Friday 7 May 1915 was enormous. Diane Preston Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy