The measures and pressures for reducing environmental effects of shippers’ goods transports

1. The measures and pressures for • reducing environmental effects of shippers’ goods transports Catrin Lammgård Logistics and Transport Research Group, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University, Sweden

3. Theory • Drivers of environmentalism: • - Stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984) • - Stakeholder theory on environmentalism: e.g. Banerjee et al (2003) • -Sustainable supply chain: Young and Kielkiewicz-Young (2001) • EMS: e.g. Hibbitt and Kamp-Roelands (2002), Morrow and Rondinelli (2002) • Logistics and environmentalism: Wu and Dunn (1994)

4. Purpose • to reveal the progress of environmental measures and pressures for reducing the environmental effects of goods transports • among Swedish manufacturing and wholesale trade companies, the shippers.

5. Environmental Management and Marketing theory • Environmental differentiation as basis for competitive strategy (Roy and Vézina 2001) • Green marketing: an umbrella term for a range of concepts e.g. green, ecological, environmental and sustainable marketing. (Crane 2000). • Sustainable marketing, Sheth and Parvatiyar (1995), Fuller (1999). 4 efforts: • 1) promoting re-consumption, 2) redirecting customer needs and wants, 3) reorienting the marketing mix and 4) reorganising organizational efforts • Reinhardt 1999: e.g. product differentiation.

6. Survey (with Bernt Saxin & Jonas Flodén, 2004) • 1154 local units received survey in Sweden • Manufacturing and wholesale companies • Respondents: persons responsible for purchasing goods transports in companies, normally logistics managers • Telephone-initiated: • Personal contact • Increased reliability and response rate

7. Sampling • Original frame: the Statistics Sweden’s Business Register • Random, stratified sample with 1.800 local units out of the total of 13.325 • After an initial correction : 1693 local units • Double sampling process: • (1) the share in our target population? Contacting by telephone to determine whether they had transports exceeding 150 kilometres or not • (2) a random stratified sample from the sample was made and the selected units were to be contacted and asked to answer our survey, divided on strata based on size • E.g. the large-sized companies included all existing in Sweden

8. Strata (Groups) Employees: Manufacturing: Large ≥400 Medium 100-399 Small 10-99 Wholesale: Large ≥100 Medium 20-99 Small 5-19

9. Response rate divided on strata

10. Outline results • Implemented measures • Internal pressures • Effects of CEP on transports • Importance and possibilities to implement measures • Internal and external pressures affecting choice of transport mode

11. Background - results • goods volumes sent: total 40.9 million tonne equivalent weight • 97 % of the tonnage was attributable to local units with at least 100 employees (the large companies along with the medium-sized manufacturing companies). • - half of these transport flows were within Sweden.

12. Implemented measures

14. Internal pressures: CEP and EMS

15. Environmental policy • Some examples: • -90-95% of the largest companies along & the middle-sized manufacturing companies have introduced or are in the process of introducing an environmental policy. • -Less than half of the small- and middle-sized wholesale companies have and environmental policy • -About half of the smaller manufacturing companies has one, but many more are in the process of introducing one (another 30%)

16. Environmental Mangement Systems (EMS) • Some exemples: • -ISO14001 is the most common • -87-91% of the large and middle-sized manufacturing companies have / or in the process of introducing one: a lower share for the large wholesale companies (77%) • -About 40% of the small and middle-sized whollsale companies have one / or in the process of introducing one • -About half of the small manufacturing companies (53%) have one/ or in the process of introducing one

17. Effects of CEP on transports

18. Importance and possibilities to implement measures • 1) to rank the importance of different items related to different measures to diminish the environmental impact of the goods transports • 2) to rank the possibilities of implementation of the different items related to these measures • On a seven-degree semantic differential scale (1-7) where: • 1 = very low importance / possibilities for implementation and • 7= equalled very high importance / possibilities for implementation

20. Gap-analysis between the importance and possibilities to implement measures

21. Internal and external pressures affecting choice of transport mode

22. Conclusions • Large manufacturing companies in the lead • The most commonly implemented measures were regarded as the least important • Largest gap in Modal choice • Mainly internal demands affecting transport mode • Awareness of emissions of carbon dioxide

23. Contact • catrin.lammgard@handels.gu.se • Tfn. +46 31 773 5466

24. References • Banerjee, Subhabrata Bobby, Easwar S Iyer, and Rajiv K Kashyap (2003), "Corporate environmentalism: antecedents and influence of industry type," Journal of Marketing, 67 (April). • Freeman, R Edward (1984), Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Boston; London: Pitman. • Hibbitt, Chris and Nancy Kamp-Roelands (2002), "Europe´s (mild) greening of corporate environmental management," Corporate Environmental Strategy, 9 (2). • Morrow, David and Dennis Rondinelli (2002), "Adopting Corporate Environmental Management Systems:: Motivations and Results of ISO 14001 and EMAS Certification," European Management Journal, 20 (2), 159-71. • Wu, Haw-Jan and Steven C. Dunn (1995), "Environmentally responsible logistics systems," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 25 (2), 20-38. • Young, Alex and Aleksandra Kielkiewicz-Young (2001), "Sustainable Supply Network Management," Corporate Environmental Strategy, 8 (3).

25. Sample and response rate (Lammgård, Saxin & Flodén, 2004)