Animals

1. Animals

2. Echinoderms Mollusks Chordates Annelids Roundworms Arthropods Flatworms Cnidarians Animal Behavior NamePhylogenetic tree Biology Date Sponges Animals (Common ancestor)

3. Eukaryoticcells Heterotrophs Essentialfunctions Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction Animals have are carry out with such as No cell walls

4. All animals are multicellular and heterotrophic. • lack cell walls. • have nerves and muscles • Most can move and ability of flight is unique to animals. • Most reproduce sexually • Most are invertebrates • Most animals live in the sea Animals can vary greatly They can be found in the arctic, the rainforests of South America, deep ocean trenches, and at the tops of mountains.

5. Invertebrates: jellyfish, spiders and earth worms are all animals. Vertebrates: reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals are vertebrate animals Birds are thought to be descendents of dinosaurs. Fossils show as animals evolved they became more complex.

6. Invertebrates

7. Animals that lack backbones • Almost all animals are invertebrates and they can be found anywhere on earth. • Includes: sponges, jellyfish, octopus, clams, snails, spiders, beetles, and crabs. • Some have exoskeletons (insects) to protect their bodies and provide structure. • Can reproduce sexually and asexually, depending on the species

8. Sponges • sessile as adults, asymmetric, and have no tissues - specialized cells, • reproduce sexually or asexually, and they feed by filtering particles from water. Purple tube sponge

9. Cnidarians • found in marine environments. • radial symmetry and tentacles. • a polyp form and a medusa form. • Most are carnivorous Brain Coral (Anthazoans) Box jellyfish (Scyphozoans)

10. Flatworms • Have soft bodies with bilateral symmetry and no segments. No body cavity, specialized respiratory (lungs) or circulatory (heart) organs. Nutrients/gas pass through body. They can be found in the sea or on land. Tapeworm (Cestoda) Blue marine flatworms (Turbellia)

11. Round worms • Nematodes. • can be found anywhere. • Feed on fungi, bacteria, and sometimes other round worms. Most are parasitic but some are predators. • Can be microscopic to 8m long Pin worms Caenorhabditis elegans Hook worms (parasitic)

12. Annelids • Segmented worms • found in freshwater, saltwater and on land. • They have organs in each segment. Have a gut, circulatory system and nervous system (with brain). • Reproduce sexually and asexually Earth worm (land) Leeches (water)

13. Arthropods

14. Account for 2/3 of known species • includes insects, arachnids and crustaceans. • All have an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages. • All but scorpions lay eggs. Some go through metamorphosis (caterpillar - butterfly) before they reach maturity. • They can be helpful (pollinators) or harmful (destroy crops, spread disease)

15. Arachnids • Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites • All have 8 legs and are mostly found in terrestrial environments. • No antennae and no wings. Spiders: jumping spider and banana spider. Mites: yellow mite and velvet mite. Scorpions: Asian forest scorpion & Australian wood scorpion

16. Insects • Most diverse group of animals. • Arthropods with hard exoskeletons and divided bodies. • Have jointed legs and compound eyes.

18. Mollusks

19. Have the most varied body forms • May have one or all: radula, shell made of calcium carbonate, mantle, and gills. • All consist of a head, body and foot. • They can be filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores, eat dead animals, parasites, or predators.

20. Cephalopods: • largest and most intelligent invertebrates including octopus, squid, and cuttlefish • They have tentacles with suckers on them • They also have beaks and large brains Flamboyant cuttlefish Giant Squid • Bivalves – Have a shell with two parts. Mussels, oysters and clams. PaperNautilus Gastropods – most of the mollusks alive today. Various group including snails, sea slugs and shells.

21. Crustaceans • Terrestrial – live on land • Aquatic – live in the water Hermit Crab (copepods) Spiny Caribbean lobster (decapods) Barnacles (sessile) Antarctic Krill

22. Echinoderms • Includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers • Most have protective spines, some poisonous • Most feed on small organisms and organic matter. Most can move, but some can not Radial symmetry Water-vascular system

23. Invertebrate Chordates • 2 groups of chordates with no vertebrae: lancets and tunicates. • Have notochords. All but tunicates have a hollow nerve chord White-spotted sea squirt Blue-bell tunicate lancet

24. Vertebrates

25. Animals with backbones. • A very diverse group of animals that includes amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. • have a skull made of bone which surrounds and protects the brain. • All vertebrates are also segmented, have 4 jointed appendages and bilateral symmetry. • They also have a chambered heart, closed circulatory system, complex organs and a coelom.

26. Amphibians

27. Ectotherms • Adapted to life on land or in the water (most live near water) • Smooth skin with no scales • Some can change colors • Reproduce sexually (some are hermaphroditic) • Return to water to breed. • Life cycles (metamorphosis): egg – larva – adult

28. Both are amphibians and share similar features. • 3 chambered hearts and well developed nervous system • short bodies, no tails as adults, and their legs are adapted for jumping rather • than walking. • Carnivores • Frogs and toads - Marine toad Corroboree frog, red-eyed tree frog,

29. Newts and Salamanders – Some live only on land and some only in water. Carnivorous larva. Mostly found north of the equator. Tiger salamander Caecilians – live underground or underwater in tropical areas. Resemble worms. Some lay eggs while others have live birth. Ex: Mexican caecilian, ringed caecilian. Fire salamander Siren Newt

30. Reptiles

31. Covered with scales • Have good senses • Ectothermic • Include snakes, crocodilians, and lizards. • Most lay eggs on land (even if they live in the water) • Most lay eggs but some have live young • Snakes and lizards have a Jacobson's organ.

32. Snakes – no legs, outer ears or eyelids. Carnivorous. Can dislocate jaw. Most lay eggs but some have live young. Ex: Gaboon viper, American copperhead, Carpet python and yellow-bellied sea snake. • Lizards – Most successful reptiles. Some can regenerate limbs. All over the world except Antarctica. Ex: Thorny devil, web-footed geckos, armadillo lizard, and komodo dragon.

33. Turtles and tortoises: • Turtles – water, tortoises – land (usual reference) • All have a shell (fused to skeleton), no teeth, 4 limbs, • Lay their eggs on land. • carnivores or herbivores Tortoise: Galapagos tortoise, Indian star tortoise, pancake tortoise Turtle: Green turtle, Alligator snapping turtle, Matamata

34. Crocodilians:Large primitive reptiles. Extreme predators (carnivores) who hunt prey or eat carrion. Most live in fresh water. Females will care for and protect young after they hatch. • Alligators - Only two species (Chinese and American). Live mostly in the Americas or China. • Crocodiles – Several species. Some live in salt water. Live in Asia, South America, Africa and Australia.

35. Caimans – Live mostly in the Americas or Africa. • Gharials – Found in Asia. Poorly developed limbs so spends most of the time in the water. Nile Crocodile • Crocodiles Saltwater Crocodile

36. Fish

37. Largest group of vertebrates • Ectothermic • Fertilization of eggs normally occurs outside of the body, reproduction varies among types of fishes. • Breathes through gills, covered in scales, streamlined bodies for swimming, • lives in all types of water. Few travel between salt water and fresh water. • 3 main groups: Cartilaginous fish, jawless fish, bony fishes,

38. Banded catshark Hammerhead Basking shark • Sharks –successful predators. internal skeleton made of cartilage. Live in salt water. Most are predators. Internal fertilization with young being born live or in an egg case. Can sense electrical signals in the water. • Rays – Have wing like fins and broad flat bodies. Most live in sea beds but some live in open water. Manta Ray Spotted Eagle Ray

39. Marine fish: Morey eel, yellowfin tuna and clown fish. Bony fishes –large varied group of fishes. Most have a swim bladder. Have a internal skeleton. Occur in all types of water all over the world. Most have external fertilization • Jawless fish: first group of fish to appear. Primitive. 2 groups: hagfish and lampreys. They lack a jaw.

40. Freshwater – Zebra fish trout salmon Ray-finned – most primitive bony fishes. Large freshwater species Lobe-finned – enlarged fins that are muscle attached to bone. coelacanth Longnose gar

41. Birds

42. They have lightweight bones and a body covered with feathers (which also enables flight) Birds are members of the class Aves. Most birds lack teeth and have a reduced tail. Their forelimbs have been modified into wings that enable flight (however not all birds can fly). • Birds have highly efficient lungs, divided ventricles in their heart, and are warm-blooded. • Adapted differently depending on their way of life.

43. Australian Warbler Superb Lyrebird Songbirds: birds that have vocal cords that produce various notes that are used to attract mates or to hold territories. They include wrens, mockingbirds, canaries, and cardinals Mockingbird Ducks:Mostly aquatic birds found in sea water and freshwater. Usually keep 1 mate. Migratory (mallard duck, bufflehead, mandarin duck )

44. Birds of Prey:(Bald Eagle, Osprey, Eagle Owl). Predatory birds that hunt food usually while flying. Large and powerful talons and beaks.

45. Examples: Green violetear, Rufous hummingbird, hummingbird, White-tailed humming bird, Hummingbirds: Very small birds native to America. Able to hover in place and even fly backwards. Important pollinators. Feed on nectar. Parrots:About 300 species found in warm or tropical regions. Have curved bill and strong legs. Most are bright colors. Intelligent and can imitate human voices. Ex: Macaw, Kea, Lorikeet,

46. Mammals

47. Have hair, specialized teeth, mammary glands, and are endotherms. Diverse in size, anatomy and habitat range Efficient lungs, nervous system, and a 4 chambered heart. Young are dependent on parents for long time • Three types: • Placentals: young develop in female. Vary in size, shape, diets, and habitat. Ex: Whales, deer, lions • Marsupials: Mostly found in Australia and New Guinea, young are born shortly after fertilization and complete development in mother’s pouch. Ex: Kangaroos, opossums • Monotremes: Most primitive group, have reptilian appearance, lay eggs. Have a cochlea. Ex: platypus

48. Carnivores and Omnivores: • The category of mammals that eat meat. Carnivores such as lion, wolves, or tigers eat only meat. Omnivores such as bears and raccoons eat both meat and plants. Some are solitary and some live in packs. (Placentals) Family Mustelidae:the weasel family, the largest family in Carnivores. Includes weasels, minks, badgers, wolverines, and otters

49. Cats:They come from the family felidae Strict carnivores! Solitary Serval, sand cat, tiger, cheetah, lion Dogs: live in groups called packs. They belong to the family canidae (canids) Found all over the world.

50. Bears:(family Urisidae), most are omnivores. 8 species (and several sub species) spread out over a wide variety of habitats. 6 species are vulnerable or endangered. Raccoons & relatives:(From the genus prycon), most are omnivores. 3 species. Common raccoon, crab-eating raccoon, and the Tres Marias raccoon. The kinkajou, coati and red panda are relatives of the raccoon.