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Chapter 14: Cognitive Functions

Chapter 14: Cognitive Functions. Lateralization of Function. Lateralization. Lateralization of Function. The corpus callosum The anterior commissure. The hippocampal commissure. A few other small commissures. Fig. 14-2, p. 418. Lateralization of Function.

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Chapter 14: Cognitive Functions

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  1. Chapter 14:Cognitive Functions

  2. Lateralization of Function • Lateralization

  3. Lateralization of Function • The corpus callosum • The anterior commissure. • The hippocampal commissure. • A few other small commissures.

  4. Fig. 14-2, p. 418

  5. Lateralization of Function • The two hemispheres are not mirror images of each other.

  6. Lateralization of Function • Each hemisphere of the brain gets input from the opposite half of the visual world.

  7. Fig. 14-3a, p. 419

  8. Lateralization of Function • Damage to the corpus callosum interferes with the exchange of information between hemispheres.

  9. Lateralization of Function • Split-brain people

  10. Lateralization of Function • Sperry (1974)

  11. Lateralization of Function • Immediately after surgery, each hemisphere can only quickly and accurately respond to information that reaches it directly. • Smaller commissures allow a slower response. • The brain later learns use the smaller connections: • Difficulty integrating information between both remains.

  12. Lateralization of Function • Right hemisphere damage • Left hemisphere damage

  13. Lateralization of Function • right hemisphere • left hemisphere

  14. Lateralization of Function • Some anatomical differences exist between the hemispheres of the brain. • Planum temporale

  15. Fig. 14-9, p. 425

  16. Lateralization of Function • Damage to left hemisphere often results in language deficiencies.

  17. Lateralization of Function • Being born with a condition where the corpus callosum does not completely develop results in extra development of the following: • Anterior commissure • Hippocampal commissure

  18. Lateralization of Function • The left hemisphere is dominant for speech in 95% of right-handed people. • Left-handers

  19. Lateralization of Function • Recovery of language after damage to the brain varies.

  20. Lateralization of Function • Rasmussen’s encephalopathy

  21. Lateralization of Function • Language recovery after brain damage

  22. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Human language is a complex form of communication. • Productivity

  23. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Human language is most likely a modification of a behavior also found in other species. • Chimpanzees

  24. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Bonobos or pygmy chimpanzees

  25. Lateralization of Function • Non-primates

  26. Evolution and Physiology of Language Studies of nonhuman language abilities

  27. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Two categories of theories • 1. “Language evolved as a by-product of overall brain development.” 2. “Language evolved as an extra part of the brain.”

  28. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Problems associated with the “language as a by-product of increased intelligence” theory: • People with a full-size brain and normal overall intelligence can show severe language deficits. • People with impaired intelligence can have normal language skills. • Williams syndrome characterized by metal retardation but skillful use of language.

  29. Fig. 14-14, p. 433

  30. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Evidence suggesting language evolved as an extra brain module specialization includes: • Language acquisition device • Chomsky (1980)

  31. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Most researchers agree that humans have a specially evolved “something” that enables them to learn language easily.

  32. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Research suggests a critical period exists for the learning of language.

  33. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Rare cases of children not exposed to language indicates limited ability to learn language later.

  34. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Most knowledge of brain mechanisms of language come from the study of people with brain damage: • Broca’s area • Aphasia

  35. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Broca’s aphasia/nonfluent aphasia

  36. Fig. 14-15, p. 435

  37. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Wernicke’s area • Wernicke’s aphasia

  38. Table 14-1, p. 438

  39. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Dyslexia

  40. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Different kinds of dyslexics have different reading problems. • “Dysphonic dyslexics” • “Dyseidetic dyslexics”

  41. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Most severe cases of “dyseidetic dyslexia” result from brain damage that restricts the field of vision.

  42. Evolution and Physiology of Language • One hypothesis to explain dyslexia emphasizes a hearing impairment rather than visual impairment.

  43. Evolution and Physiology of Language • Another hypothesis to explain dyslexia is connecting vision to sound.

  44. Evolution and Physiology of Language • A final hypothesis relates dyslexia to differences in attention.

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