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Kingdom: Fungi

Kingdom: Fungi. Five kingdom system of classifying living things showing that both fungi and animals may have evolved from a common ancestor. Mycology. Mycology is the study of fungi which includes yeast and molds

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Kingdom: Fungi

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  1. Kingdom: Fungi

  2. Five kingdom system of classifying living things showing that both fungi and animals may have evolved from a common ancestor

  3. Mycology • Mycology is the study of fungi which includes yeast and molds • They are eukaryotic and are chemo-heterotrophs (require organic compounds for energy and a carbon source) • Most have a cell wall of chitin • Molds are made of long filaments called hyphae • If there are cross walls that divide the hyphae into uninucleate units the hyphae are septate hyphae • If there are no cross walls, the hyphae are called non-septate or coenocytic hyphae • When the hyphae grow and intertwine to form a mass, they are called mycelium

  4. Fungi • Eukaryotes • Chitin cell walls • Use organic chemicals for energy. • Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae. • Yeasts are unicellular. Figure 1.1b

  5. Fungi are important as pathogens of animals and plants. • Over 70% of all plant diseases are caused by fungi

  6. Mycelium are of three kinds: 1- vegetative mycelium ( penetrates the surface of the medium and absors nutrients 2- Aerial mycelium ( grow above the agar surface) 3- Fertile mycelium (bear reproductive structure such as conidia or sporangia)

  7. Yeasts are non-filamentous, unicellular fungi that are oval or spherical in shape. • Yeasts reproduce by the process of budding or binary fission.

  8. Candida albicans

  9. Classification Fungi based on there sexual reproduction : • Zygomycetes: zygospores, ex. Mucor & Rhizopus Rhizopus Mucor

  10. Mycology • Fungi are classified based on the type of sexual spore that they form • Zygomycota • Have non-septatehyphea • Have asexual sporangiospores • Form sexual zygospores. They are large spores enclosed in a thick wall and formed from the fusion of two cells

  11. Zygospores

  12. Ascomycetes : Ascospores, ex: saccharomyces, Aspergillus & Penicillium Aspergillus Penicillium Yeast

  13. Mycology • Ascomycota • Have septate hyphae • Have asexual conidiospores • Have sexual ascospores. Ascospores result from the fusion of nuclei of two cells. They are produced in a sac-like structure called an ascus.

  14. Ascospores inside an ascus

  15. Basidiomycetes: Basidiospores, ex.: Rust fungi & Mushroom. Rust fungi Mushroom

  16. Mycology • Basidiomycota • Have septate hyphae • Have asexual conidiospores • Have sexual basidiospores. Basidiospores are formed externally on a base pedestal called a basidium

  17. Basidiospores

  18. Deuteromycetes: not produce any sexual spores, ex.: Monilia fungi & Botrytis Monilia fungi Botrytis

  19. Classification Fungi based on morphology: • Moulds (Molds): Filamentous fungi Eg. Aspergillus • Yeast : Eg. Saccharomyces • Yeast like: Similar to yeasts but produce psedohypha Eg. candida albicans • Dimorphic: Two different morphological form at two different enivormental conditions

  20. Mycology • Dimorphic fungi • Some fungi, including most of the pathogenic fungi, exhibit two forms of growth. This is known as dimorphism and the organisms can grow either as a yeast-like form or a mold-like form. • Frequently the form that the organism grows as is temperature dependent and at 370 C the organism grows as a yeast-like form and at RT or at 250 C it grows in a mold-like form. CO2 concentration or the presence of serum may also be a determining factor

  21. Classification Fungi according to nutrion: • Saprophytic • Parasitic • Symbiotic or Mycorrhizal

  22. How do Fungi get their Nutrition? fungal cells • Heterotrophs • secrete digestive enzymes • absorb digested material into cell • predators • paralyzing prey • parasites • feeding on living creatures • decomposer • breakdown dead remains plantcell wall plant cellmembrane plant cell

  23. Laboratory identification fungi: Specimen collection: soil, moldy food, plants, water, air,……etc. Microscopy: Lactophenol cotton blue Culture : Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)

  24. Classification Fungi based on hypha: Septate – Non septate Somatic hyphae.A) Portion of a hypha having more than one nucleus (nonseptate); B) Portion of a septate hypha.

  25. Cross Walls of Hyphae Coenocytic hyphae where the nucleis of each cell is embedded in the cytoplasm without a cell wall Eg. Zygomycota, Oomycota Hyphae with cross walls Eg. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota

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