Westward Expansion: Causes and Effects

1. Get out your foldable and spiral and get ready to take notes!

2. Westward Expansion

4. CAUSES OF WESTWARD EXPANSION Oregon had fertile land Texas was ideal for raising cattle and growing cotton Many Americans believed in “Manifest Destiny” Mormons sought a safe home Gold was discovered in California EFFECTS OF WESTWARD MOVEMENT U.S. annexed Texas Britain and the U.S. divided the Oregon Territory U.S. gained southwestern territory after Mexican War U.S. made The Gadsden Purchase The U.S. stretched “from sea to shining sea” Cotton Kingdom spreads

5. Manifest Destiny

6. DEFINITIONS… MANIFEST: “Clear or obvious” DESTINY: “Something that is sure to happen” MANIFEST DESTINY: “Belief that the U.S. had the right to all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and was destined to own it”

7. Many Americans saw the culture and democratic government of the U.S. as the best in the world Racism and ethnocentrism justified taking over lands belonging to the Natives and Mexicans

8. WHAT? MORE DEFINITIONS? RACISM: “Hatred or intolerance of another race” “The idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others” ETHNOCENTRISM: “Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture” “The tendency to view other groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own”

9. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

10. In 1795, Spain signed a treaty with Napoleon Bonaparte , the ruler of France, giving the Louisiana Territory back to France

11. President Thomas Jefferson feared that Napoleon might attempt to build an empire in North America Jefferson wanted to be sure that Americans would always be able to ship their goods on the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans

12. Jefferson offered Napoleon $10 million for New Orleans Napoleon needed money to finance his wars in Europe, so offered ALL of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million DOUBLING THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES!

13. CONSTITUTIONALITY? Jefferson had a very strict interpretation of the Constitution and believed strongly in a small Federal government Did the U.S. Constitution give Jefferson the power to purchase this land from Napoleon?

14. CONSTITUTIONALITY? Jefferson reasoned that he COULD purchase the territory because the Constitution specifically allows the President to make treaties

15. Lewis and Clark Expedition

16. Few Americans knew anything about the Louisiana Purchase Territory Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the land In May of 1804, Lewis and Clark began their expedition from St. Louis Sacajawea, a Shoshone native woman, offered to guide the explorers across the mountains and translate with other natives On November 7, 1805, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean

18. The War of 1812

19. Britain was at war with France in Europe The U.S. as a neutral power, had the right to trade with both “War Hawks” in Congress wanted war with Britain: Land hunger – Canada? Britain was interfering with American trade British Royal Navy was “impressing” American sailors British were supporting hostile Natives in Spanish-owned Florida

20. MILITARY CAMPAIGNS American three-pronged attack on Canada: Niagra, Detroit, Lake Champlain Failed due to American incompetence Americans burn York (now Toronto) British Royal Navy overwhelmed the small American navy and blockaded the entire eastern coastline

21. MILITARY CAMPAIGNS 4,000 British troops attacked Washington, D.C. and burned the Capitol and White House Americans held out at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, where Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” during the British bombardment of the fort

22. WAR’S CONCLUSION… Napoleon abdicated in April 1814, leaving America alone to fight the British Treaty of Ghent Ended the war in December, 1814 Returned all land to pre-war claims Nothing was settled

23. "A Hundred Years Peace" The signature of the Treaty of Ghent between Great Britain and the United States of America - 24 December 1814

24. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS Took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812 The battle took place after the treaty of peace was signed because the news did not reach New Orleans until February, 1815 American General Andrew Jackson defeated invading British forces attacking New Orleans

25. General Andrew Jackson oversees the defense of New Orleans against British attack, January 8, 1815.  Jackson's resounding victory in the war's largest battle propelled him all the way to the White House.

26. Economic Growth

27. New technology changed the way that things were made Goods that were made in homes and small workshops by skilled workers with hand tools, could be made quicker and cheaper by unskilled workers using machines

28. New inventions like the spinning jenny and the water frame spun thread, and the power loom wove thread that thread into cloth quickly and cheaply

29. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a simple machine that quickly removed the seeds from cotton fiber, and enabled workers to produce 50x more cotton Whitney also started using interchangeable parts

30. This industrial revolution led to the factory system and the growth of large cities

31. Florida: The Adams-Onis Treaty (1821)

32. The U.S. was having many conflicts with the Seminole natives in Spanish-owned Florida President James Monroe purchased Florida from Spain for $5 million Spain needed the money to fight the Mexican War of Independence against the people of Mexico Which Spain would lose later in 1821… allowing the U.S. to later bully a weak new Mexican government

34. The Monroe Doctrine

35. Stated that the U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or European colonies in the Americas Warned European nations not to interfere with the Americas Britain supported the statement, and with its strong navy, could enforce the doctrine

37. Indian Removal Act (1830)

38. A law signed by President Andrew Jackson in which Native Americans were forced to sign treaties agreeing to move west of the Mississippi River Most whites at the time thought that land was only a vast desert and didn’t want it In the 1830’s, some 100,000 natives were driven from their homes and forced west by the U.S. government

40. THE TRAIL OF TEARS In 1838, the Cherokees and other tribes were forced at gunpoint to move west The Cherokees and others trekked hundreds of miles west Many suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while heading west and many died 4,000 of the 15,000 Cherokees forced west died during this long, sorrowful journey that became known as the “Trail of Tears”

42. Oregon Country

43. President James Polk negotiated a settlement with Britain to divide the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel Over 5,000 Americans caught “Oregon Fever” and traveled 2,000 miles over the Oregon Trail

44. Texas Annexation

45. Hundreds of Americans began moving into the Mexican province of Texas led by Stephen Austin Mexican Dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna demanded that the Americans obey Mexican laws: No slavery Convert to Roman Catholicism Limits on American settlement No weapons

46. American settlers, led by Sam Houston, revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic (the Lone Star Republic) in March, 1836 Santa Anna led the Mexican army against the Alamo in San Antonio, killing every one of it’s outnumbered Texan defenders Including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett

49. “The Fall of the Alamo” by Robert Jenkins, depicting Davy Crockett in a charge at the Mexican troops who have breeched the walls of the Spanish mission

50. Shouting, “Remember the Alamo,” Sam Houston led a Texan counterattack at the Battle of San Jacinto River on April 21, 1836 The Texans killed and captured hundreds of Mexican soldiers, and defeated Santa Anna’s forces (Battle lasted 18 minutes – only 9 Texans were killed)