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Geology

Geology .

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Geology

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  1. Geology • In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root "to build." Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material.[ • Why did Pangea split?

  2. Inside the Earth • Inside the earth video

  3. Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other.

  4. Understanding Plate Motions Convergent boundaries -- where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another. Oceanic plates are basalt( denser) Continental plates are granite (lighter)

  5. Transform boundaries -- where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other

  6. Nitrogen cycle • Nitrogen cycle

  7. Ecosystems

  8. Succession • Mt. St. Helens Succession • Yellowstone 1988 fire management

  9. Ocean Acidification

  10. Coevolution

  11. Pollutants from coal • Mercury: Methyl mercury, bioaccumulation, biomagnification • SO2: Acid deposition • NOx: Ozone formation, VOC, UV energy • Acid mine drainage

  12. How Nuclear Reactors Work

  13. Breeder reactor • Pu239, which is created when U238 captures a neutron, forms U239 and then undergoes two beta decays, happens to be even better at fissioning than U235. • This is why many breeder reactors are also fast reactors. Fast neutrons are ideal for plutonium production because they are easily absorbed by U238 to create Pu239, and they cause less fission than thermal neutrons. Some fast breeder reactors can generate up to 30 percent more fuel than they use

  14. Clean coal technologies • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) • With SCR, ammonia is injected along with the power plant flue gas into a device that contains a catalyst that converts it to N and H2O . • Wet Scrubbers (Wet FGD) • Wet scrubbers combine a mixture of lime or limestone and water with power plant flue gases to remove SO2 and acid gases.

  15. Fabric Filter Systems/Baghouses • Fabric filters (also called baghouses) remove PM from power plant flue gases by capturing PM on fabric bags that are analogous to vacuum cleaner bags. • Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) • ESPs capture PM from power plant flue gases by passing the gases through a device in which charged metal plates are suspended. The PM is attracted to the plates by static electricity.

  16. Silicon forms a lattice structure Doped with impurity Extra valence e- Phosphorous Doped with impurity One less valence e- Boron

  17. N-type becomes “+” and P-type becomes “-”. • An electric field is created • “extra” electron from N-type side moves to P – type.

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