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GEOLOGY

GEOLOGY. Geologists. 1. Study the materials that make up the earth and the processes that shape its surface and interior. 2. Study the history of the Earth 3. Different types of geologists a. Seismologists – study earthquakes b. Volcanologists – study volcanoes

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GEOLOGY

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  1. GEOLOGY

  2. Geologists 1. Study the materials that make up the earth and the processes that shape its surface and interior. 2. Study the history of the Earth 3. Different types of geologists a.Seismologists – study earthquakes b. Volcanologists – study volcanoes c. Mineralogists – study minerals

  3. Topography A. Definition - The shape of the land 1. Elevation – the height above sea level of a point on Earth’s surface 2. Relief – the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area 3. Landform – a feature of topography such as a hill or a valley formed by the process that shapes Earth’s surface a. Plain b. Mountain c. Mountain Range d. Plateau

  4. C. Topographic MapsDefinition - is a map showing the surface features of an area shown from above 1. Contour Line – connects point of equal elevation 2. Contour Interval – change in elevation from contour line to contour line 3. Index Contours – labels with the elevation in round units B. Longitude and Latitude1. Longitude – the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian2. Latitude – the distance in degrees north or south of the equator

  5. Minerals A. Properties of Minerals 1. Naturally Occurring – found naturally, not man made 2. Inorganic– the material was never living 3. Solid– definite volume and shape 4. Definite Chemical Composition – minerals always contain the same elements, in the same proportion! 5. Crystal Shape - particles in the mineral line up in a specific order that repeats. These properties make up the definition of a mineral!

  6. 2. Physical Tests a. Streak- color of a powder left by a mineral when rubbed on an unglazed tile. b. Hardness- the resistance of a mineral to being scratched B. Identifying Minerals 1. Inspection a. Color – not a reliable, impurities and weathering can cause a change in color b. Luster - the way a mineral reflects light. The shine or lack of shine that a mineral possess. 1. Metallic – shines like a metal 2. Non-metallic - (glassy, waxy, dull, oily, earthy, pearly)

  7. 1. Compared to/using the Moh’s Hardness Scale1. Talc – softest 2. Gypsum 3. Calcite 4. Fluorite 5. Apatite 6. Feldspar 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum 10. Diamond – hardest“The guys can find any food quickly to chow down”

  8. SG = AW/LOSS Loss = AW - WW c. Cleavage - a minerals ability to split easily along flat surfaces; it cleaves d. Fracture - the way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way e. Density – mass divided by volume; density of a mineral doesn’t change no matter size of mineral! f. Specific Gravity - the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water

  9. Example: A mineral has an air weight of 30 grams and a water weight of 20 grams. What is the specific gravity of that mineral? Loss = AW - WW SG = AW/LOSS Loss = 30g – 20 g SG = 30g/10g Loss = 10 grams SG = ??????? What units??????? SG = 3 There are no units for specific gravity! The grams cancel!

  10. C. Mineral Formation • Crystallization of melted materials 2. Crystallization of materials dissolved in water • Hot water solutions – minerals dissolve in hot water underground that is heated by magma, the water begins to cool and the minerals crystallize • Evaporation – when solutions on Earth’s surface evaporate leaving minerals behind

  11. D. Minerals and Magma • The rate at which magma cools, the amount of gas, and the chemical composition affect crystal size 2. The slower magma cools the larger the crystals…the faster the magma cools the smaller the crystals.

  12. E. Mineral Resources 1. Minerals are used for many everyday items a. Talc – baby powder and makeup b. Gypsum – building materials c. Gold, Silver, Copper – jewelry and dental procedures 2. Minerals are very important and they can be depleted, so we must use them wisely and recycle when possible.

  13. Rocks • Definition • An element or combination of two or more minerals or substances. • Three types of rocks • Igneous Rocks • Formed from the cooling and hardening of hot molten material. Three classifications: • The slower the cooling, the larger the crystal (mineral) grains – coarse-grained • The faster the cooling, the smaller the crystal (mineral) grains – fine-grained • Cooling that is immediate forms no crystal grains (sometimes holes) - glassy

  14. Rocks continued… b. Examples of igneous rocks 1. Granite – INTRUSIVE (formed by solidifying underground)/Coarse-grained 2. Obsidian – EXTRUSIVE (formed by extreme rapid cooling above ground)/ Glassy 3. Pumice – EXTRUSIVE (formed by extreme rapid cooling above ground, holes)/ Glassy 4. Basalt – EXTRUSIVE (formed by rapid cooling above ground)/Fine-grained • Sedimentary Rocks a. Rocks formed from the erosion of existing rocks and then the compaction and cementation of sediment particles 1. Sediments – consists of rock fragments, plant or animal remains, chemicals or minerals

  15. Rocks continued… • Three classifications of sedimentary rocks: • Clastic – made of sediment from other rocks • Organic – made from sediment of living things (plants and animals) • Chemical – made from the evaporation of water or the precipitate of a certain mineral • Examples • Conglomerate - clastic • Sandstone - clastic • Shale – clastic • Shell limestone – organic • Compact limestone - chemical

  16. Rocks continued… 3. Metamorphic Rocks a. Existing rock that undergoes some sort of physical/chemical change 1. The change is usually due to extreme heat and pressure deep within the Earth 2. Textures of metamorphic rocks • Foliated – with layers or bands • Unfoliated – NO layers or bands/grains are randomly scattered

  17. Rocks continued… 4. Examples of metamorphic rocks 1. Marble – unfoliated 2. Quartzite – unfoliated 3. Slate – foliated 4. Gneiss – foliated 5. Schist - foliated

  18. 4. The Rock Cycle a. Summarizes the formation and breakdown of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock

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