Examples Everyone else in my family excels in a particular sport; I seem to be the only exception.

1. Rule: Use a semicolon between two independent clauses that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction. Examples Everyone else in my family excels in a particular sport; I seem to be the only exception. The river is rising rapidly; it is expected to crest by noon.

2. Rule: Use a semicolon between two independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions. • The following are commonly used conjunctive adverbs and transitional expressions: • however • therefore • nevertheless • Besides • furthermore • accordingly • as a result • also • (there are more examples listed in your text book)

3. Examples Leonor is planning to become an engineer; however, she is also interested in graphic design. Only two people registered for pottery lessons; as a result, the class was cancelled.

4. Complete exercise 1 page 725

5. Rule: You may need to use a semicolon (rather than a comma) before a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas. Example CONFUSINGJune sat with Tony, Pat, and me, and Josh sat with Flora, Zack, and Geraldo. CLEAR June sat with Tony, Pat, and me; and Josh sat with Flora, Zack, and Geraldo.

6. Rule: Use a semicolon between items in a series if the items contain commas. Example CONFUSINGIn 1990, the three largest cities in the United States were New York, New York, Los Angeles,California, and Chicago, Illinois. CLEAR In 1990, the three largest cities in the United States were New York, New York; Los Angeles, California; and Chicago, Illinois.

7. Remember to use a comma... • to separate items in a series • to set off non-essential clauses and phrases • to set off an introductory element • to set off interrupters • in dates, addresses, and abbreviations Remember the rules for joining independent clauses: IC, coordinating conjunction IC.  if the comma causes confusion, use a semicolon IC; IC. IC; conjunctive adverb or transitional expression, IC.

8. Complete review A page 727

9. Rule: Use a colon before a list of items, especially after expressions such as the following and as follows. (NOTE: a complete sentence must always come before a colon!!) Example The only articles allowed in the examination area are as follows: pencils, compasses, rules, and protractors.

10. Rule: Use a colon before a long, formal statement or quotation. (Remember: a complete sentence must always come before a colon!!) Example Thomas Paine’s first pamphlet in the series The American Crisis starts with these famous words: These are the times that try men’s soul. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.

11. Rule: Use a colon before a statement that explains or clarifies a preceding statement. (Again–a complete sentence must always come before a colon!!) Example Preston slapped his forehead: He had forgotten to put oregano in the sauce.

12. Special Uses of the Colon: Use a colon between the hour and the minute, between chapter and verse in biblical references, and between a title and subtitle. Examples: 9:55 tomorrow morning Corinthians 13:1-13 I Like Jazz: The Essence of Billie Holiday

13. Complete exercise 3 page 730