GREECE

1. GREECE UNIT 2 – GREECE AND ROME LECTURE 1

2. Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.–300 B.C. The history and culture of classical Greece has a significant impact on the modern world. Discus thrower (about 450 B.C.), Myron.

3. OBJECTIVES • CORE OBJECTIVE: Explain how geography, culture, and government impacted Classical Greece • Objective 3.1: Identify the different political systems and government that developed in the city-states. • Objective 3.2: Summarize the causes and results of the Persian & Peloponnesian Wars. • Objective 3.3: Describe Greek culture through art, religion, literature, architecture, drama, and philosophy. • Objective 3.4: Summarize the impact of Alexander’s conquests and the resulting Hellenistic Culture. • THEME:The Greek culture will have a significant impact and influence on many other world cultures.

4. Classical Greece 2000 B.C.–300 B.C. Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea SECTION 1 Warring City-States SECTION 2 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age SECTION 3 Alexander’s Empire SECTION 4 The Spread of the Hellenistic Culture SECTION 5

5. CULTURES OF THE MOUNTAINS AND THE SEA CHAPTER 5 SECTION 1 The roots of Greek culture are based on interaction of the Mycenaean, Minoan, and Dorian cultures.

6. Greece

7. Greece is known for its classical civilization (500 to 300 BC). • Classical Greek culture, particularly that of Athens, is famed for its beautiful arts, architecture, philosophy, theater, Olympic games, and for creating the first democracy. • Classical Greece is considered the principal source of Western Civilization.

8. Civilization eventually came to Europe. • The first civilizations to develop in Europe were extensions of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. • Europe’s earliest major culture was the Minoan civilization of Crete, the largest of the Greek islands. • The Minoan culture was strongly influenced by Egypt.

9. GEOGRAPHY SHAPES LIFE • Ancient Greece • Collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking people live • Includes mainland and about 2,000 islands • The Sea • The sea shapes Greek civilization • Proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage sea travel and trade • The Land • Mountains slow travel, divide land into regions • Lack of fertile land leads to small populations, need for colonies • The Climate • Moderate climate promotes outdoor life • Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outside

10. Greece is a mountainous and rocky peninsula. • Greece has little good farmland, but its long irregular coastline provided fine harbors. • Many Greeks turned to the sea to make a living by fishing and trading. • Greeks established colonies and dominated trade in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. WHAT DID ISOLATION CREATE??????

11. Isolation molded Greek culture. • Greek communities isolated by mountains developed into independent city-states that often fought with one another. • The leading city-states were Sparta with its strong military government and Athens, the present-day capital of Greece.

12. Mycenaean Civilization Develops • Origins • Mycenaeans— (the first Greeks) Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland in 2000 B.C. • Took their name from their leading city, Mycenae • Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from 1600–1100 B.C. • Contact with Minoans • After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea trade and culture • The Trojan War • Trojan War — fought by Mycenaeans against city of Troy in 1200s B.C. • Once thought to be fictional, archaeological evidence has been found WRITE THIS DOWN! WRITE THIS DOWN!

13. DORIAN DECLINE • Dorians Replace Mycenaeans • Mycenaean civilization collapses around 1200 B.C. • Dorians— group who replaced the Mycenaeans in Greece • 2nd Greek Civilization • possibly relatives of Bronze Age Greeks—move into Greece • Less advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave no written records • Epics of Homer • Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Homer—a blind storyteller • Epic—a narrative poem about heroic deeds • Homer’s epic the Iliad, about Trojan War, shows Greek heroic ideal

14. Modern people still read literature from ancient Greece. • This includes the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epics by a Greek poet named Homer.

15. The Iliad describes the Trojan War. • In the Trojan War most of Greece united to attack the city-state of Troy, located in Asia Minor. • The war lasted for years because Troy was surrounded by strong stone walls. • At last the Greeks used a large, hollow, wooden horse with soldiers hidden inside to defeat the defenders of the city of Troy.

16. The Odyssey tells of the travels of the Greek hero Odysseus. • He and his men had to overcome many obstacles during their 10-year voyage home from the war in Troy. • Eventually Odysseus reaches his home in Ithaca and regains his lost home, his son, his wife, and his kingdom.

17. In both poems, reason and wisdom were better than strength. • The heroes of Greek myths such as the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models of excellence for the ancient Greeks. • Homer’s poems were later the inspiration for a great outpouring of literature during the Greek classical age.

18. GREEK MYTHS • Greeks develop myths—traditional stories about gods • The Greeks had a polytheistic religion; their gods lived on Mount Olympus. • Greeks seek to understand mysteries of life through myths • Greeks attribute human qualities—love, hate, jealousy—to their gods • Popular Greek Gods • Zeus, ruler of Gods, lives on Mount Olympus with his wife, Hera • Zeus’s daughter Athena is goddess of wisdom and guardian of cities • Ares: God of War • Greek Monsters • Centaurs: half-horse; half-human; lawless aggressive creatures • Cerberus: hounds of Hades • Cyclops: giant one-eyed semi gods

19. WARRING CITY-STATES CHAPTER 5 SECTION 2 The growth of city-states in Greece leads to the development of many different political systems

21. THE CITY-STATE • By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polis, is the formal government • A polis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50 to 500 square miles • Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000 • Citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis—a fortified hilltop • http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/videos#deconstructing-history-the-acropolis

22. EARLY GREEK POLITICS • Greek Political Structures • City-states have different forms of government • Many were ruled by a monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy • Tyrants Seize Power • Rulers and common people clash in many city-states • Tyrants—nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people • They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people

23. ATHENS BUILDS A DEMOCRACY • Building Democracy • About 621 B.C., democracy — rule by the people — develops in Athens • This slowly develops over time from the influence of Draco, Solon, and Cleisthenes • Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens • Athenian Education • Schooling only for sons of wealthy families • Girls learn from mothers and other female members of household

24. SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE • Isolated from much of Greece, Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia • Messeniansbecome helots—peasants forced to farm the land • Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger state • SPARTAN LIFE • Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom • Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece • Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60 • Girls receive some military training and live hardy lives • Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else

25. THE PERSIAN WARS • A New Kind of Army Emerges • Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making arms and armor cheaper • Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes • Phalanx—feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields • Battle at Marathon • Persian Wars —between Greece and Persian Empire—begin in Ionia • Persian army attacks Athens, is defeated atMarathon in 490 B.C. • PheidippidesBrings News • Runner Pheidippides races to Athens to announce Greek victory

26. At the Battle of Marathon, Greeks beat a large Persian army. • Legend says a Greek soldier ran nearly 26 miles from the battlefield to Athens where he died after delivering news of the victory. • This legend is the basis for the modern marathon foot race.

27. The Persian Wars

28. The Persians tried again to invade Greece in 480 BC. • The people of Athens fled to the nearby island of Salamis after the Persians conquered and burned Athens. • The Persian king, Xerxes, had his throne placed on a hill where he could watch his fleet of a thousand large warships destroy the much smaller Greek fleet.

29. The Battle of the 300 • Thermopylae and Salamis • In 480 B.C., Persians launch new invasion of Greece • Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians • Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before retreating • Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis • Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat • Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight Persians

30. SALAMIS: Xerxes would not get the victory he planned for. • Instead, Xerxes looked on in horror as the Greeks lured his navy into a narrow strait where the smaller Greek ships outmaneuvered and rammed the larger Persian ships, sinking most of the Persian fleet. • After the defeat at Salamis, Xerxes went home to Persia, and the Persian Wars soon ended.

31. THE PERSIAN WARS

32. CONSEQUENCES OF THE PERSIAN WARS • Consequences of the Persian Wars • New self-confidence in Greece due to victory • Athens emerges as leader of Delian League • Athens controls the league by using force against opponents • League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire • Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens