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Genetic Engineering

Explore the evolution of genetic engineering, from selective breeding to the Human Genome Project. Learn about gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology, and the manipulation of genetic material in various industries. Discover how genetic engineering has created transgenic organisms, offering potential solutions for diseases and environmental challenges.

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Genetic Engineering

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  1. Genetic Engineers can alter the DNA code of living organisms. Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA PCR Gel Electrophoresis Transgenic Organisms Genetic Engineering

  2. Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals. Selective Breeding

  3. Human Genome Project • The Human Genome Project is a collaborative effort of scientists around the world to map the entire gene sequence of organisms. • This information will be useful in detection, prevention, and treatment of many genetic diseases.

  4. Gene Therapy • Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. • Possible cures for: • diabetes • cardiovascular disease • cystic fibrosis • Alzheimer's • Parkinson’s • and many other diseases is possible.

  5. Genetic Engineering • The human manipulation of the genetic material of a cell. • Recombinant DNA- Genetically engineered DNA prepared by splicing genes from one species into the cells of a different species producing a transgenic or genetically modified organism (GMO).

  6. The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism. Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria. Recombinant DNA

  7. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes”. Cut the DNA from another organism with “restriction enzymes”. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria. Recombinant Bacteria

  8. Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria • Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. • Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.

  9. Genetic Engineering • There is great potential for the development of useful products through genetic engineering • EX., human growth hormone, insulin, and pest- and disease-resistant fruits and vegetables Seedless watermelons are genetically engineered

  10. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering techniques are used in a variety of industries, in agriculture, in basic research, and in medicine. This genetically engineered cow resists infections of the udders and can help to increase dairy production.

  11. PLANTS disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops 2. Hardier fruit 3. 70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified. The DNA of plants and animals can also be altered.

  12. 1.Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene. 2. Allow the bacteria to “infect" the plant cells. 3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes. How to Create a Genetically Modified Plant

  13. What do you think about eating genetically modified foods?

  14. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS Mice – used to study human immune system Chickens – more resistant to infections Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat 4. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk Genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.

  15. Transgenic Goat . This goat contains a human gene that codes for a blood clotting agent. The blood clotting agent can be harvested in the goat’s milk. Human DNA in a Goat Cell

  16. How to Create a Transgenic Animal Desired DNA is added to an egg cell.

  17. Ha Ha Ha!

  18. Genetic Engineering and Crime Scenes……

  19. DNA Technologies • DNA technologies allow scientists to identify, study, and modify genes. • Forensic identification is an example of the application of DNA technology.

  20. PCR allows scientists to make many copies of a piece of DNA. Heat the DNA so it “unzips”. 2. Add the complementary nitrogenous bases. 3. Allow DNA to cool so the complementary strands can “zip” together. Polymerase Chain ReactionPCR

  21. This technology allows scientists to identify someone’s DNA! Gel Electrophoresis

  22. 1. “Cut” DNA sample with restriction enzymes. 2. Run the DNA fragments through a gel. 3. Bands will form in the gel. 4. Everyone’s DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person. 5. DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”. Steps Involved in Gel Electrophoresis

  23. Genetic Engineering • We can now grow new body parts and soon donating blood will be a thing of the past, but will we go too far? Photo of a mouse growing a "human ear"

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