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Understanding Metabolism and Energy Overview

Explore the fundamentals of metabolism and energetics, including processes, pathways, and regulations. Learn about food absorption, energy currencies, and metabolic flexibility.

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Understanding Metabolism and Energy Overview

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  1. Metabolism Chapter 25 Metabolism and Energetics Do not focus on the specific aspects like enzymes and organic structures

  2. Context Source: USDA

  3. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults 1998 1990 2006 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

  4. Global Projections for Diabetes 2003-2025 (millions) 48.4 58.6 21% 39.3 81.6 108% 23.0 36.2 57% 14.2 26.2 85% 43.0 75.8 76% 19.2 39.4 105% 7.1 15.0 111% World Projections 2003 = 194 million 2025 = 333 million Increase : 71% Source: Diabetes Atlas 2003

  5. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Pulmonologist: obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome Stroke Cataracts Gastroenterologist: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Coronary heart disease Diabetes Dyslipidemia Hypertension Gall bladder disease Cancer breast, uterus, cervix colon, esophagus, pancreas kidney, prostate Gynecologist abnormal menses infertility polycystic ovarian syndrome Osteoarthritis Phlebitis venous stasis Skin Gout Diseases correlated with to obesity Complications of Obesity Affect Doctors! Severe pancreatitis

  6. A NEW LOOK (Walter Willett)

  7. Protein15% 8%–10% Saturated fatty acids 10% Polyunsaturated fatty acids 15% Monounsaturated fatty acids Fat30% Carbohydrate 55% Calories: 500–1000 kcal/d reductionCholesterol: <300 mg/dFiber: 20–30 g/d Recommended Nutrient Content of a Weight-Reducing Diet Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults– The Evidence Report. Obes Res 1998;6 (suppl 2).

  8. How well do they work ? (12 month study) Average weight loss of 2.1-3.3 kg over 12 months No one diet worked better than any other

  9. Diet and Behavioral Intervention: Long-Term Effect on Weight Loss 5 Weight change (kg) 0 –5 Very low calorie diet (VLCD) –10 Modified diet + behaviour therapy VLCD + behaviour therapy –15 –20 1 2 3 4 5 Intervention Years after intervention Adapted from Wadden TA. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 688–93 with permission

  10. One Solution Eat Food Not too much Mostly Plants

  11. A Second Solution How far is two pounds from here?

  12. The Third, Last and BEST Solution Diet With Exercise + Consider genetics and age at a minimum

  13. Ready to head back? 14

  14. What Needs to be Explained

  15. FOODSTUFF METABOLISM QUESTIONS YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER What are the major foodstuffs you eat? Where do they come from? How are they broken into the building blocks How do they get into the body? How / Where are they stored? How are they recovered from storage? What can they be used for and how? What about the waste products? How is all this regulated? Digestive Sys. Metabolism

  16. GutAbsorption: CarbohydrateandProtein

  17. Absorption: Fat GI system

  18. cytoplasm

  19. OVERALL METABOLISM: THE BIG PICTURE Simple molecules and monomers such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids (hydrolysis) Complex molecules and polymers such as glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides (dehydration)

  20. DEFINITIONS • Metabolism: • Sum total of all bodily chemical processes • Related to foodstuff storage, mobilization, • energy recovery and use • Metabolic Pathways: • Sequences of many chemical reactions that allow • the body to synthesize or break down molecules • Anabolism: • Building molecules • Catabolism: • Breaking down molecules • Energy: • Ability to do work

  21. DESIGN PRINCIPLES ECONOMY / EFFICIENCY FLEXIBILITY COMMON CURRENCY FRAMEWORK AND ENVIRONMENT

  22. Glucose, 6 carbons Glycolysis FATS Proteins Pyruvate, 3 carbons (2X) Acetyl CoA Amino acids Kreb’s (TCA) cycle O2 ATP Oxidative phosphorylation + CO2, H2O, heat Electron Transport System

  23. ECONOMY / EFFICIENCY MANY SMALL STEPS Efficiency CARS: ABOUT 15% US: ABOUT 40%

  24. FLEXIBILITY: WHAT WE USE ENERGY TO DO

  25. A MOST IMPORTANT DEMAND THE BRAIN ALWAYS MUST BE SUPPLIED WITH GLUCOSE Total glucose in the body is enough to supply the Whole body energy needs for less than a day!

  26. COMMON CURRENCY: ATP Our “currency”

  27. COMMON CURRENCYStructure of ATP - Formation of high energy covalent bonds - Separation of the bonds yields energy

  28. FRAMEWORK KEY STRATEGIES SOURCES (dietary - food) CLEARING HOUSES (absorption – in GI) STOREHOUSES (liver, muscle, adipose, etc) INTERCONNECTED PATHWAYS REGULATION

  29. Glucose, 6 carbons Glycolysis ATP Proteins FATS Pyruvate, 3 carbons (2X) Acetyl CoA Amino acids Kreb’s (TCA) cycle ATP ATP Oxidative phosphorylation + CO2, H2O, heat Electron Transport System

  30. Overview: building blocks to ATP

  31. THE CENTRAL PATHWAY Glucose Metabolism BLOOD

  32. High energy intermediate ATP

  33. Glycolysis vs Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis: - generation of glycogen from glucose Glycolysis = metabolism of glucose; it is anaerobic ie. without O2 Gluconeogenesis - generation of glucose from noncarbohydrate carbon substrates

  34. Entrance of carbon intermediates – specifically Acetyl-CoA into mitochondria

  35. Glycolysis ends with Pyruvate -Acetyl CoA enters into the Mitochondrion: The Krebs (TCA) cycle Enters into mitochondria High energy intermediates = FADH2 and NADH Krebs or TCA cycle

  36. CENTRAL PATHWAY Make High Energy “Intermediates” (NADH & FADH)

  37. High energy intermediates carry protons (H+) to the electron transport system

  38. CENTRAL PATHWAY Oxidative Phosphorylation / Electron Transport Generation of ATP or high energy intermediates Output: ATP, CO2, Heat, Water

  39. Electron Transport System – requires O2 = aerobic

  40. The electron transport system is where oxidative phosphorylation occurs

  41. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the Electron Transport System H+ come from high energy intermediates hydrogen ions pumped into the intermembrane space provides concentration gradient to generate ATP

  42. ATP: Talley Sheet 32 of 38 ATPs With O2= 38 ATP Without O2 = 2 ATP

  43. GLUCOSE STORAGE: GLYCOGEN Glycogen (ANPS-19)

  44. CONNECTING FAT - storage FATS Fatty acids Glycerol How does a high carbohydrate diet lead to obesity? NOTE ONE-WAY vs TWO-WAY ARROWS (ANPS-19)

  45. CONNECTING PROTEIN - storage Proteins (ANPS-19)

  46. FOOD FOR THOUGHT Brain Must Always have glucose There is not enough glucose in our bodies to cover calories needed in a single day Yet we can fast for weeks!

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