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Applications Leading to Understanding. Circular Reasoning “ The Bible is the word of God. Why do you believe that? Because the Bible told me so.”. Non sequitur - Any conclusion that does not follow from the reasons that have been cited.
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Circular Reasoning “The Bible is the word of God. Why do you believe that? Because the Bible told me so.” Non sequitur - Any conclusion that does not follow from the reasons that have been cited. “This product is environmentally safe, it was tested on hair stylists, not animals.” Reasoning Fallacies
Using the Toulmin Model • Credibility Warrant - Because this expert or person is trustworthy or has expertise, we must believe x, y, or z. • Sign - These factors are usually signs of x, y, or z. • Generalization - These four cases or examples indicate a general trend that x, y, or z.
Using the Toulmin Model (cont.) • Motivational - Since we value “x”, we must believe or adopt “y” • Parallel Case - Since these cases or situations are so similar, we must conclude x, y, or z.