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Bourbon reconquest of Spanish America, the long 18th century

Bourbon reconquest of Spanish America, the long 18th century. Spain: from predator to prey War of Spanish Succession, 10 European wars: 5 against Britain, 4 against France Secret Report on the Americas , Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa (1748) Bourbon reforms or reconquest (see chronology)

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Bourbon reconquest of Spanish America, the long 18th century

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  1. Bourbon reconquest of Spanish America, the long 18th century • Spain: from predator to prey • War of Spanish Succession, • 10 European wars: 5 against Britain, 4 against France • Secret Report on the Americas, Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa (1748) • Bourbon reforms or reconquest (see chronology) • Resistance, revolt and rebellion, case of Peru • Jose Santos Atahualpa, 1742-50s, eastern Peru • Túpac Amaru uprising, central highlands, 1780-83 • Tupac Katari, aymara-based, upper peru, 1781 • Alienation of Americanos

  2. Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, Noticias secretas de las Americas (4 vols, 1748) • “the most damaging denigration of Spain's rule in the New World.” (first English trans. 1825) • Thorough diagnosis of colonial ills • defenses, political administration, commerce, justice, and plight of the Indians • Administration: “In these parts the friendship of a minister is worth more than any royal proclamation.” • Justice: “Whoever pays the most, gets the most justice.” • Indians: “they are genuine slaves”

  3. Bourbon reconquest of Spanish America, the long 18th century • Spain: from predator to prey • War of Spanish Succession, • 10 European wars: 5 against Britain, 4 against France • Secret Report on the Americas, Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa (1748) • Bourbon reforms or reconquest (see chronology) • Resistance, revolt and rebellion • The long shadow of Túpac Amaru (Peru, 1780-83) • and the great fear of Haiti (1791-) • Alienation of Americanos

  4. Bourbon reforms or reconquest? • Substantial economic growth in 18th century fueled by mining, tropical agriculture (cacao, cochineal, sugar), regional trade, and reforms • Administrative reforms • New Viceroyalties: Nueva Granada, Rio de la Plata • Expulsion of Jesuits (1767) • Colonial militias (1768) • Formation of Intendancies (1784, 6) • Commercial reforms • Free trade decrees, 1764, 1778 • Abolition of corregidor (1782), reparto de comercio (1784) • Imperial reconquest

  5. Registered Silver Production, 1580-1800: Mexico’s 18th c. boom outstripped Peru’s 16th c.(Burkholder and Johnson, p. 139) • Peru, 18th c. recovery, 1720+ • Mexico, 18th c. boom, 1720+ • Why 18th c boom? • New strikes, more areas • Cheaper mercury, reduced taxes • More investment Mexico Peru Peru Mexico

  6. Bourbon reforms or reconquest? • Imperial reconquest • Appointments based on merit, connections, instead of purchase, 1750s- • Consolidation of Vales Reales • Reformation of colonial rule, or deformation? • Viceroy Revillagigedo, 1794: “It should not be forgotten that this is a colony which must depend on its mother country, Spain, and must yield her some benefit because of the protection it receives from her; and thus great skill is needed to cement this dependence and to make the interest mutual and reciprocal; for dependence would cease once European manufactures and products were not needed here.”

  7. Resistance, revolt and rebellion.3 cases in Peru • Resistance and revolts were not unusual • In 18th century regional-wide rebellions emerged • 1. Juan Santos Atahualpa, 1742-1750s, eastern a descendant of the Inca Atahualpa came to reclaim his ancestral kingdom 1750: “Many of those referred to [Indians, mestizos and destitute whites] anxiously await the invasions of the rebel Atahualpa, and if he (god forbid) marched on Lima with two hundred arrow-wielding Indians, one might fear...a general insurrection of the Indians…” Spanish fortified eastern frontier to contain rebellion

  8. Rebellions in Upper Peru, 1742-17831. J.S. Atahualpa2. Túpac Amaru3. Túpac Katari

  9. The long shadow of Túpac Amaru (Peru, 1780-83) • 2. Tupac Amaru (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui) • after failure of appeals to Viceroy and Audiencia for removal of corregidor • disinherited noble reclaiming rightful sovereignty over Tawantinsuyu • neo-Inca messianic movement near Cuzco (opposed by Aymara speakers in Bolivia) • violence alienated creoles; quechua speakers divided • Captured, drawn, and quartered: May 18, 1781. • 3. Túpac Katari (aymara speakers, La Paz and south); captured and quartered Nov. 14, 1781. • 3 years of war: 100,000 lives lost. Legacy of fear/hope of native rebellion

  10. End

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