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CONSONANT 1 Pertemuan 3

CONSONANT 1 Pertemuan 3. Matakuliah : G0332/English Phonology Tahun : 2007. LARYNX. Formed of two cartilages: thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage . Attached to the top of trachea The front of the larynx comes to a point called Adam’s apple.

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CONSONANT 1 Pertemuan 3

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  1. CONSONANT 1Pertemuan 3 Matakuliah : G0332/English Phonology Tahun : 2007

  2. LARYNX • Formed of two cartilages: thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage. • Attached to the top of trachea • The front of the larynx comes to a point called Adam’s apple. • Inside the box made by these 2 cartilages are the vocal folds. • At the front vocal folds are joined and fixed to the inside of thyroid cartilage. • At the back they are attached to a pair of small cartilage called arythenoid cartilage. • The opening between focal folds are called glottis 3

  3. Position of Glottis • Wide apart : for normal breathing and voiceless consonants like /p/, /f/, /s/. • Narrow : for fricative sound /h/ and whisper. • Slightly open/vibrate : for voiced sound • Tightly closed : for glottal stop /?/ 4

  4. Air Pressure The presure of air below the focal folds are varied in : • Intensity : high for shouting low for speaking quietly • Frequency : high for vibrate rapidly low for vibrating slowly • Quality : harsh , breathy, murmured, creaky

  5. Classification of Consonants • The position of the vocal cords: - voiced /lenis - voiceless/fortis 2. The place of articulation : the location where obstruction of the air stream occurs. - Bilabial - palatal - Labio dental - velar - dental - glottal - alveolar - post alveolar/palato alveolar

  6. Classification of Consonants 3. Manner of articulation : what kind of obstruction occurs - Plosives/stops - Fricatives - Affricates - Nasals - Liquids: lateral and retroflex - Glides/Semi vowels

  7. Plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g Four phases in in production of plosive consonants • Closing phase: the articulator moves to form the stricture for the plosive. • Compresion phase: the compresed air is stopped frrom escaping. • Release phase : the articulators are moved to allow air to escape. • Post release phase: what happen immediately after phase 3.

  8. Fricatives: • Characteristics: when they are produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound. • Labiodental fricatives (f,v) : the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. Example words: fan, van, safer, half, halve. • Dental fricative (ө, ð): the tongue is placed between the teeth. Example words: thumb, thus, ether, father, breath, breathe. • Alveolar fricative (s, z) : the air escape through a narrow passage along the centre of the tongue. Example words: sip, zim, facing, phasing, rise, rice.

  9. Fricative • Post alveolar fricative (ʃ,ʒ) : the tongue is in contact with an area slightly further back than for s or z. Example words : ship, Russia, measure, garage, Irish. • Glottal fricative: the narrowing that produced the focal folds is between the vocal folds. Example words: head, ahead, playhouse.

  10. Affricate • Characteristics: begin as plosive and end as fricatives. • Post alveolar affricate: (ʧ, ʤ) : the tongue is slightly further back the alveolar. Example words: choice, nature, joy, Georgia, judge, church • Affricate sounds are homorganic, that is two sounds as one phoneme.

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