The Search for Resources for New England’s Electricity Future

1. The Search for Resources for New England’s Electricity Future Offshore Wind Greg Watson Massachusetts Technology Collaborative Electricity Restructuring Roundtable February 10, 2006

2. The Need for Change … and Choice • Global Population Growth • Energy Consumption+50% by 2020 • Fossil Reserves ? • Environmental Impact? • Alternatives ?

3. Renewable Energy Trust

4. Global Wind Industry

5. Wind Capacity / Cost Trendsin the United States Cost of Energy and Cumulative Domestic Capacity Capacity (MW) Cost of Energy (cents/kWh*) *Year 2000 dollars

6. Turbine Size

7. Global Offshore Wind

8. U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Resource Exclusions 0 to 5 nm – 100% 5 to 20 nm – 67% 20 to 50 nm – 33% Accounts for avian, marine mammal, view shed, restricted habitats, shipping routes & other habitats. Resource not yet assessed

9. “…there may be, conservatively speaking, more than 100 gigawatts of capacity just off of New England” David Garman, Acting Under Secretary, U.S. DOE The Energy Daily, August 30, 2004 New England Offshore Wind Resource

10. 11,455 MW Proposed Offshore Through 2010

11. Factors Influencing Future Development • Renewable Portfolio Standards • Production Tax Credit Extension • Transmission Access • Environmental Issues • Air Emissions and Climate Policy • Wind-Hydro Integration • Hydrogen • Clean Water • Offshore Development Photo Gunnar Britse

12. Offshore Wind Technology Challenges • The Key Differencesbetween onshore and offshore • Hydro-dynamic loads + wind loads • Highly corrosive salt-laden air • Dehumidification required to prevent equipment deterioration • Remote, difficult access - autonomous operation essential • Visual aesthetics and noise pollution less problematic than on land • Turbine lower % of costs offshore

13. Electrical Pitch Drives Doubly-Fed Generator Main Shaft & Bearing Gearbox Epoxy-Glass Composite Blades Transformer & Electrical Power ElectronicConverter Wind Turbines • GE 1.5 MW • 77 M Rotor Diameter • 50-100 M Tower • 98% Availability • Speed 10-20 RPM • Variable Pitch

14. 10 MW Turbine Concept • 180 m rotor diameter • Downwind 2 blade machine • Flexible compliant blades • Flow controlled blades • High rpm/tip velocity > 100 m/s • Gearless direct drive • Space frame structure • Multivariable damping controls • 40 m water depth foundation • Hurricane ride-thru capability Can we build it? Do the economics make sense?

15. Wall Street Journal | Opinion The Katrina CrisisBy DANIEL YERGIN September 2, 2005In the 1930s, drillers had put down wells in the waters off the beaches of Louisiana and Texas, to little effect. The first company to really go off shore -- that is, out of sight of land -- was the Oklahoma independent, Kerr-McGee, just after World War II. The company figured the risk was worth it: There was not much competition and so the acreage was cheap. The risk lay in the fact that the technology did not yet really exist for building a platform, getting it into position, drilling into the ocean floor -- or even servicing a platform. All that needed to be invented. In October 1947, Kerr-McGee hit oil in Block 32, 10 miles off Louisiana. That marked the beginning of what has turned into an extraordinary accomplishment of science and engineering. All the elements that were needed did get invented, reinvented, and reinvented yet again. The pace has only increased.

16. Offshore Wind Collaborative • Technology Development • Large-scale fully marinized systems • Environmental Compatibility • Minimize adverse impacts and changes • Economic and Financial Viability • Reduce costs of offshore systems and price of electricity to consumers • Regulation and Government Policies • Siting and permitting processes that gain public support

17. 40 MW Bonus Middlegrunden Farm in Copenhagen Harbor 25 MW GE Arklow Bank Facility, Ireland 165 MW Nysted Offshore Wind Farm, Rødsand, Denmark watson@masstech.org