1 / 55

Community Interactions

Community Interactions. What is community? What is population?. QUICK REVIEW. Community Interactions. Powerfully affect an ecosystem Include: Competition Predation Symbiosis. Competition.

agaleana
Download Presentation

Community Interactions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Community Interactions

  2. What is community? What is population? QUICK REVIEW

  3. Community Interactions • Powerfully affect an ecosystem • Include: • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis

  4. Competition • When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and the same time • Resource any necessity to life • Plants and animals compete • Winner and losers

  5. Interspecific competition • Competition between same two species • When 2 or more species rely on same limited resource in a community • Ex. African savannah

  6. Rules, rules, rules • Fundamental rule in ecology • Competitive Exclusion Principle • Russian biologist G.F. Gause • Paramecium caudatum vs. Paramecium aurelia • 2 species so similar in requirements that the same resource limits both population’s growth, and one species may succeed over another • No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat and the same time • Prevents competition

  7. Niche • Each species unique living arrangement in a community • “Role” • Ex. Lizards in a rainforest • Includes: • Habitat • Food sources • Time of day organism is most active

  8. Predation • Interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism • Predator • Organism that does the killing and eating • Prey • Organism that is being killed and eaten (victim)

  9. Predator Adaptations • Speed • Agility • Coloring/camouflage to ambush prey • Packs/teams • Ex. Wolves • Acute senses • Ex. Rattle snake heat sensor organs • Claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison

  10. Prey adaptations • Safe locations • Flee • Coloring/camouflage to hide • Defensive coloration • “warning coloration” • Mimicry • Organisms imitate dangerous organisms by appearance and actions • Hawk moth larva • Plants • Thorns, spines, poisonous chemicals

  11. Symbiosis • Any relationship where two species live closely together • Symbiosis literally means “living together” • 3 main types • Parasitism • Mutualism • commensalism

  12. What type of relationship is this? • Who is helping who?

  13. Mutualism • Both species benefit from the relationship • A Happy couple • Flowers and bees • Flowers need bees for pollination, bees need flowers nectar

  14. What type of relation ship is going on here? • Who is helping who?

  15. Commensalism • One member of the relationship benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped • One-sided • Food or shelter • Barnacles on whale

  16. Ants and aphids

  17. What type of interaction is going on here?

  18. Parasitism • One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it • Parasite obtains all or part of its nutrients from the other organism • Host • Organism that is harmed in relation ship; the one that provides the nutrients to the parasite • Parasite • Organism that gets its nutrients from the host • Do they want to kill their host? • No, because they need them…they will weaken or hurt the host in some way

  19. Recap • What are the three types of interactions in a community? • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis • What types do we have? • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

  20. Ecological Succession • Do all ecosystems stay the same all the time? • What are some things that cause changes to ecosystems? • Natural and unnatural • Quickly and slowly

  21. Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances. • As an ecosystem changes, older habitants die out and new organisms move in, causing more change

  22. Ecological Succession • Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time • Physical environment • Natural disturbance • Human disturbance

  23. Primary Succession • Succession on land that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists • Volcanic eruptions • Glaciers melting

  24. Stages of Primary Succession • Start with no soil, just ash and rock • First species to populate this area • “pioneer species” • For example, pioneer species on volcanic rock are lichens (LY-kunz) • Lichens made up of fungus and algae that can grow on bare rock • When lichens die, they for organic material that becomes soil…now plants can grow

  25. Secondary Succession • Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil • Natural • hurricane • fires • Human disturbances • Farming • Forest clearing

More Related