The concept of homosexuality in Europe and in the United States in the 19 th century.

1. Cristina Gomez Lisanne Colombijn Miha Frelih Lilian Dailly The concept of homosexuality in Europe and in the United States in the 19th century.

2. Outline • I) The development of the concept of homosexuality in Europe during the 19th century. • II) The development of the concept of homosexuality in Europe during the 19th century. • III) Colonial influence • Conclusion.

3. I) The development of the concept of homosexuality in Europe in the 19th century. • Prussian Code (1851)Art. 143:“Unnatural fornication, whether between persons of the male sex or of humans with beasts, is punished with imprisonment of 6 months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.”

4. Napoleon’s Conquest- France- England- Spain (1822)- Portugal (1852)

5. Prussia • Karl Maria Kertbeny (1824-1882) • Letter to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1868)

6. Richard Von Krafft-Ebing • “Psychopatia Sexualis” 1886 • - Paradoxia. • - Anesthesia. • - Hyperesthesia. • - Paraesthesia. • hypnosis to “cure” • Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1897)

7. II) The development of the concept of homosexuality in U.S during the 19th century. 2 main factors in order to explain how the concept of homosexuality has been developed in the USA : - Religion has always been important in the American society. - U.S. has been colonised by England. → crime of Sodom and Gomorra. → British spread the idea that homosexuality was a crime and this idea remained for few years.

8. The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, John Martin, 1852.

9. → Global vision : homosexuality was considered as a source of disgust, rejection and severe repression.→ cases of homosexuality began to be reported in the army, in the working classes, the bourgeoisie and in the arts.→ 1814, the term “crime against” has been first used in the Criminal code of the United States.→ Dr. Kiernan's article of 1892 also included one of the earliest-known uses of the word 'homosexual' in American.= the tendency which took place during the 19th century, from a conception of homosexuality as “an offence” to “a mental disturbance”, a disease.

10. Colonialism → European views on same-sex relations spread to other parts of the world. → High degree of tolerance towards homosexuality in African cultures and throughout Asia. → The most important role played by the British, which introduced "sodomy laws" (Indian crimimal code of 1860, Sec. 377).

11. Section 377 of Indian criminal code - A new incrimination (ayoni sex mildly punished) - Versions of this sodomy law were introduced all across the British empire - Moral reform and protection of their own colonists - No distinction on the basis of consent or age of the involved

12. Classes of people and gross indecency India's hijras listed as a "criminal tribe", prone to sodomy Gross indecency provision (Singapore):"Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or abets the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission byany male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years."

13. Repeal efforts and defense Colonial legacy remains strong in Africa and the Caribbean In 80 countries consensual homosexual sex between adults still a crime, more than half received these laws from the British. Sodomy laws as elements of national identity and authentic culture

14. Conclusion.