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Brain Drain and the Academic and Intellectual Labour Market in Croatia

Explore Croatia’s higher education landscape, brain drain issues, and statistics on graduates and researchers. Gain insights into funding sources, employment structures, and migration trends.

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Brain Drain and the Academic and Intellectual Labour Market in Croatia

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  1. Greta Pifat-Mrzljak Luka Juroš Vlasta Vizek Vidović Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb UNESCO Chair in Governance and Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb Brain Drain and the Academic and Intellectual Labour Market in Croatia

  2. Croatia – Facts and Figures • Population: 4,37 million • 6 universities, 7 polytechnics • 17 independent post-secondary schools (11 of them private) • 28 public research institutes • System of higher education employs 9,570 people • Public research institutes employ 1,475 people • Higher education graduates make 7.3% of the total population Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  3. Year Number of persons with higher education % in total population 1971 74,376 2.20 1981 131,937 3.60 1991 204,066 5.30 2001 267,995 7.27 Higher education profile 1971-2001 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Croatia, 2001, www.dzs.hr Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  4. Total In research organisations 10,161 Outside research organisations 3,679 Retired 2,325 TOTAL 16,165 Number of scientists andresearchers in 2003 Source: Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, 2004 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  5. Structure of scientists and researchers in 2003 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  6. Human potential in R&D activities inpublic institutions in 2003 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  7. Employment in science in 1998 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  8. Scientific production by number of cited texts (1998) Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  9. Proportion of state budget for science in GDP Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  10. Budget structure for science and higher education (in millions of kuna) Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  11. Ministry of Science and Technology expenditure in 2003 • 1/3 of total funds allocated to science • 60% allocated to higher education Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  12. Sources of funding for research and development in 1998 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  13. Types of institutions Scientific areas Total Natural sciences Public institutes 449 499 Engineering Higher education institutions 486 1,526 Biomedicine and health 374 Other institutions 138 Biotechnical 178 Total number of junior researchers: 2,163 Social sciences 353 Humanities 323 Number of junior researchers in 2003 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  14. Year Number of scholarships Number of research months 2000 130 337 2001 145 606 2002 143 603 Scholarship exchanges on the basis of bilateral programmes from Croatia Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  15. Student enrolments in 2002/03 by scientific disciplines Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  16. Number of graduates from HE institutions 1991-2000 • Total number of graduates: 105,535

  17. University and professional studies at Total University of Zagreb 13,551 University of Osijek 4,879 University of Rijeka 5,830 University of Split 8,136 University of Zadar 1,005 University of Dubrovnik 900 TOTAL 34,301 Prospective students inacademic year 2004/2005 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  18. Number of undergraduate studentsat University of Zagreb Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  19. Number of full-time employed staffat University of Zagreb Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  20. Young scientists 1990 Young scientists 1998 Young scientists 2000 Young scientists with offers to go abroad Potential base for brain drain 78.7% 56.0% 66.7% 21.7% Decided to go abroad 11.7% 7.3% 2.4% 2.4% TOTAL 24.1% Potential migrations of youngscientists 1990-2000 • Source: M. Adamović, 2003 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  21. Natural sciences PhD 244 346 40.75% MSc 319 37.57% Technical sciences 249 Young scientists 184 21.67% Biomedicine 139 Others 217 TOTAL 849 Brain drain of Croatian scientistsby disciplines and titles 1990-2000 • Source: "Večernji list" January 19, 2001; M. Adamović, 2003 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  22. Statistical estimation on number ofpersons with high education leaving Croatia • Estimation conducted by Ministry of Science and Technology • The difference between number of graduates and the actual increase in number of HE persons is 30,000 • Number of brain drain was estimated by calculating proportion in total mortality in the period • Proportions taken: 5%, 4%, 3% in total mortality • Possible brain drain rates: 4.5% (min), 8.9%, 13.2% (max) Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  23. Acad. year Students Graduates MSc PhD 91/92 30 27 9 6 92/93 44 44 10 10 93/94 44 39 7 7 94/95 43 37 3 2 95/96 40 34 ? ? 96/97 47 42 ? ? 97/98 51 35 ? ? 98/99 53 14 ? ? 99/00 3 ? ? Total 589 483 Percentage 82 Molecular biology degrees profile1985-2000 Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  24. Brain drain countries Number USA 34 Germany 34 Switzerland 39 Austria 16 Great Britain 8 France 12 Italy 6 Sweden 4 Serbia 3 the Netherlands,Spain, Canada,Belgium, Macedonia, Slovenia, Australia 10 Total 166 Brain drain of molecular biologists • Graduated up to 1996/97 – 432 • Working in Croatia – 249 or 57.6% • Working abroad (brain drain) – 166 or 38.3% Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  25. Year No. of students Brain drain MDs MDs studying abroad % 1997 317 9 1 1998 320 19 1 1999 312 8 1 2000 277 10 0 2001 255 3 1 2002 240 1 0 2003 251 1 0 Total 1971 51 4 2.8 Number of graduated MD studentsand their brain drain • Another survey shows that 403 MDs applied for documents for travel abroad in the last 10 years Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  26. Year No. graduates Brain drain Studying abroad Other % 1993/94 48 0 1994/95 73 6 1995/96 71 1 1996/97 90 0 1997/98 94 1 2 1998/99 117 3 1999/00 122 1 2000/01 118 1 2001/02 154 1 2 2002/03 132 1 1 TOTAL 1019 15 3 2 2.0 Number of graduated pharmacy students and their brain drain Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  27. Category No. of graduates Percentage 214 1 13 6.0 2 15 7.0 3 1 TOTAL 28 13.0 Distribution of mining engineersin the period of 1993-2003 • 1 – Brain drain of mining engineers • 2 – Engineers who worked in Croatia and then went abroad • 3 – Brain gain Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  28. Year No. of graduates Brain drain Studying abroad % 1994 400 12 1 3.0 1995 520 20 1 3.8 1996 469 16 0 3.4 1997 460 18 1 3.9 1998 432 16 0 2.7 1999 532 10 0 1.9 2000 443 7 3 1.6 2001 442 0 1 - 2002 388 3 0 0.8 Total 4090 102 7 2.6 Number of graduated electrical engineering students and their brain drain Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  29. Almae Matris Alumni Societies • Established in 1990 at University of Zagreb • 16 AMAC societies throughout the world today (AMAC Mundus) and 16 in Croatia (AMAC Domus) • 9 societies in the process of formation • AMAC bulletin published in 10,000 copies • Convention of all AMAC societies is due in Zagreb June 30 – July 3 • http://www.unizg.hr/amac/prob.htm Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  30. Country Number of scientists Country Number of scientists USA 466 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 Germany 143 Chile 7 Canada 84 Slovenia 6 Switzerland 75 Norway 4 France 50 Denmark 4 UK 39 Belgium 4 Austria 37 Mexico 3 Australia 34 Israel 3 Argentina 16 Hungary 2 Italy 16 Venezuela 2 Sweden 15 Peru 2 Netherlands 12 Greece, Iceland, Brasil, Kenya, Nepal, Liechtenstein, Taiwan, Monaco, Japan, Hong Kong, Serbia, Malta 12 Total 1033 Geographical distribution ofCroatian scientists abroad

  31. Congress of Croatian scientistsfrom homeland and abroad • Due in November 2004 in Zagreb and Vukovar, organised by Ministry of Science, Education and Sport • Bringing together Croatian scientists across the world • Promoting individual networking and institutional cooperation • Workshops and discussions • http://www.mzos.hr/pkhz/ Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  32. Measures and strategies forsolving the brain drain problem • Significantly increase investment in science • Define and employ measures and procedures to transform brain drain into brain gain and brain circulation • Encourage international cooperation in science and higher education • Emphasize the importance of science for the development of Croatia • Establish the economic and social measures to be implemented for improvement of the role of knowledge in Croatian society • Involve alumni into Alma Mater activities • Use the potential of the scientific diaspora Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  33. Conclusion • Case study of brain drain in Croatia determined three facts: • There currently exists no systematic monitoring of brain drain and labour migration market. This could escalate into a significant problem as seen in the case of molecular biologists. • Academic labour market is influenced by the quality of environment for scientific work and the opportunity for scientific development • interest expressed by Croatian scientists abroad and AMAC societies shows significant potential for reinvestment of human scientific resources • Policy proposal: “to use the EHEA and ERA trends, diaspora and AMAC potentials to build a sustainable and effective system of brain drain monitoring and management in Croatia.” Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

  34. Web sites • Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb www.irb.hr • UNESCO Chair in Governance and Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb www.unizg.hr/unesco unescoch@unizg.hr Pifat-Mrzljak, Juroš, Vizek-Vidović 2004

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