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MANIFEST DESTINY

MANIFEST DESTINY. PENULTIMATE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR: U.S. EXPANSIONISM 1830 - 1850. EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA WITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER AND TONY MILLER. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS.

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MANIFEST DESTINY

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  1. MANIFEST DESTINY PENULTIMATE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR: U.S. EXPANSIONISM 1830 - 1850 EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA WITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER AND TONY MILLER

  2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TODAY: WHAT WERE THE CAUSES, EXTENT, AND EFFECTS OF U.S. EXPANSIONISM IN THE ANTEBELLUM ERA? BROAD: WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?

  3. BACKGROUND/ REVIEW • 1820 – MISSOURI COMPROMISE – THE 36° 30’ LINE TO CLAY, A RESOLUTION OF THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES; TO JEFFERSON “THE KNELL OF THE UNION”

  4. 1832 – THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS – NEAR-CIVIL WAR OVER THE TARIFFS OF 1828 AND 1832  • LATER 1830s -1842/44 -- BOTH DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS TRIED TO AVOID SECTIONAL ISSUES • 1836-1844 -- GAG RULES (DE JURE IN HOUSE, DE FACTO IN SENATE) BARRED ANTI-SLAVERY PROPOSALS • 1833 – 1842 – LOWERED TARIFF UNDER CLAY’S COMPROMISE TARIFF (BUT 1842: HIGH “BLACK TARIFF” – WE’LL DISCUSS NEXT CLASS)

  5. WHAT MADE THE UNEASY PEACE OVER SLAVERY FALL APART? • EXPANSION (MOSTLY WESTWARD)  DISPUTE OVER EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO NEW TERRITORY • IMPETUS FOR EXPANSION? • KING COTTON IN THE SOUTH  QUEST FOR MORE COTTON LAND • POPULATION INCREASE  NEED FOR MORE LAND (AND NEED FOR WHITE SETTLERS TO HOLD LAND • SECOND MAJOR WAVE OF IMMIGRATION (1ST WAS PURITAN GREAT MIGRATION – IMMIGRATION TOTALS 17TH – 18TH Cs. ABOUT 1 MILLION

  6. IMMIGRATION 1820 - 1864 TOTAL = 4,376,689 * COO = COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN

  7. U.S. POPULATION GROWTH 1790 - 1860 BIRTH RATE ≈ 50%

  8. EXPANSION – THE JUSTIFICATIONS • MONROE DOCTRINE (1823) – THE AMERICAS BELONG TO THE U.S.! • “MANIFEST DESTINY” -- TERM COINED BY NEWSPAPERMAN JOHN O’SULLIVAN IN “ANNEXATION,” 1845: • “[T]he right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federal development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

  9. 1. the virtue of the American people and their institutions; 2. the mission to spread these institutions, thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the U.S.; and 3. the destiny under God to accomplish this work. THREE Themes of Manifest Destiny – AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM REDUX

  10. American Progress, John Gast (1872)

  11. Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way (Westward Ho!), Emanuel Leutze  (1861)

  12. The Promised Land--The Grayson Family, William S. Jewett (1850)

  13. BUT FIRST – “NORTHWARD HO!” - Aroostook “War, 1839 • THE ONLY U.S. WAR EVER DECLARED BY A STATE! MAINE DECLARED WAR ON CANADIAN PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK • DISPUTE: BORDER – WHO OWNED AROOSTOOK VALLEY (TIMBER)? • CAUSE: MAINE MILITIA EXPELLED CANADIAN LUMBERJACKS (A FEW CASUALTIES) • Congress called up 50,000 TROOPS AND APPROPRIATED $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.” • General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue  WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY, 1842

  14. 1842 – BORDER ESTABLISHED – U.S. GOT A HUNK OF QUEBEC

  15. GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT- HERO IN WAR OF 1812, MEGA-HERO IN MEXICAN WAR, WHIG PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE 1852 “OLD FUSS AND FEATHERS” – STRICT ON MILITARY CEREMONY AND DISCIPLINE “GREAT SCOTT”? FIRST OF FOUR CHIEF UNION GENERALS IN CIVIL WAR

  16. TEXAS MEXICO MADE THE SAME MISTAKE SPAIN DID IN FLORIDA : INVITED U.S. SETTLERS SAME RESULT!

  17. TEXAS INDEPENDENCE AND THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS (1836 – 1845) • EAST TEXAS = GOOD COTTON LAND  OVER 30,000 U.S. SOUTHERNS BECAME “TEXIANS” BY 1835 • 1835 – MEXICAN PRESIDENT AND GENERAL ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA DECLARED NEW CONSTITUTION: ABOLISHED SLAVERY AND CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT  • 1836 -- “TEXIANS” LED BY SAM HOUSTON AND STEPHEN AUSTIN, DECLARED INDEPENDENCE OF REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

  18. SAM HOUSTON (1793 - 1863), THE DECLARATION, AND STEPHEN AUSTIN (1793 – 1836) NOTE THE IRONY – THESE GUYS ARE HEROES; AARON BURR GOT TRIED FOR TREASON FOR HIS TEXAS FILIBUSTER!

  19. SANTA ANNA – A MEXICAN HERO VILIFIED IN U.S. BECAUSE HE RESISTED ALLOWING U.S. TO STEAL TEXAS FROM MEXICO! BUT N.B. SOME “TEJANOS” BACKED TEXIANS, EVEN FOUGHT ALONGSIDE THEM

  20. The Republic of Texas AKA “THE LONE STAR REPUBLIC” THOUSANDS MORE U.S. SOUTHERNERS FLOCKED TO REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

  21. “GREATEST HITS” OF THE TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE” • “BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, MARCH 6, 1836 -- TEXIANS REFUSED TO SURRENDER  ALMOST ALL (180 – 200) KILLED THE ALAMO – IN THE 19TH C. AND NOW

  22. KILLED AT THE ALAMO – DAVY CROCKETT AND JIM BOWIE DAVID “DAVY” CROCKETT (1786 – 1836) – “KING OF THE WILD FRONTIER” – MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, LEFT U.S. BECAUSE HE OPPOSED INDIAN REMOVAL . JIM BOWIE – SOLDIER, PUTATIVE INVENTOR OF BOWIE KNIFE

  23. DEFENSE OF THE ALAMO (FOR WHAT?)

  24. THE GOLIAD INCIDENT, MARCH 27, 1836 • UNDER ORDERS FROM SANTA ANNA, MEXICAN ARMY EXECUTED 365 TEXIAN PRISONERS OF WAR HELD AT GOLIAD PRESIDIO • “REMEMBER THE ALAMO!” “REMEMBER GOLIAD” -- HUNDREDS OF U.S. MEN (WITH ARMS, MATERIEL, EVEN SHIPS PROVIDED BY U.S.) GO TO FIGHT FOR TEXAS

  25. BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO, APRIL 21, 1836 • STRENGTHENED BY TROOPS AND SUPPORT FROM U.S. , HOUSTON DEFEATED AND CAPTURED SANTA ANNA AT SAN JACINTO RIVER SANTA ANNA SIGNED TREATY OF VELASCO RECOGNIZING INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS AND RIO GRANDE BORDER– BUT HE WASN’T PRESIDENT ANYMORE SO TREATY NOT VALID

  26. THE AFTERMATH – THE ANNEXATION DISPUTE • MOST TEXIANS WANTED TO JOIN U.S. – BUT NORTHERN STATES OPPOSED ANNEXATION OF HUGE SLAVE TERRITORY • IT TAKES 2/3 VOTE IN SENATE TO RATIFY TREATY – SENATE NEARLY BALANCED IN 1830s & 1840S • MEXICO DIDN’T RECOGNIZE INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS – MANY LAND AND NAVAL SKIRMISHES FROM 1836 ON – A CAUSE OF THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR • BRITAIN HAD TREATY WITH, SUPPORTED TEXAS – LIKED TARIFF-FREE COTTON-EXPORTING COUNTRY (GAVE HOPE TO SOUTHERN STATES WHEN THEY SECEDED IN 1860 – 61)

  27. ELECTION OF 1844 -- JAMES K. POLK (DEM) v. HENRY CLAY (WHIG) • “HIS ACCIDENCY” – JOHN TYLER (WHIG COME LATELY) BECAME PRESIDENT IN 1841 WHEN WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DIED 32 DAYS AFTER HE TOOK OFFICE • TYLER UNPOPULAR – COULD NOT GET ANY WHIG SUPPORT FOR TEXAS ANNEXATION TREATY , ALTHOUGH MOST AMERICANS SUPPORTED ANNEXATION

  28. JAMES K. POLK OF TENNESSEE (1795 – 1849) AND CLAY OF KENTUCKY POLK – “THE DARK HORSE CANDIDATE” -- ANNEXATION PART OF HIS PLATFORM

  29. JAMES K. POLK – “THE LEAST KNOWN CONSEQUENTIAL PRESIDENT” • ANNAPOLIS (NAVAL ACADEMY) • SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION • FIRST POSTAGE STAMPS • TERRITORIAL EXPANSION • TEXAS ANNEXATION • MEXICAN WAR & GADSDEN PURCHASE • OREGON

  30. MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (APRIL, 1846 –FEBRUARY 1848) THE DISPUTED TERRITORY CLEARLY BELONGED TO MEXICO UNDER ADAMS-ONIS TREATY. U.S. RELIED ON TREATY OF VELASCO (NEVER ADOPTED BY MEXICO

  31. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE WAR • 1845 – CONGRESS PASSED JOINT RESOLUTION FOR ANNEXATION OF TEXAS (TEXAS ADMITTED AS STATE DECEMBER 1845) • U.S. HAD ITS EYE ON CALIFORNIA – WANTED PACIFIC PORTS • NOVEMBER 1845 – POLK SENT “SECRET” ENVOY, JOHN SLIDELL, TO OFFER MEXICO ≈$30 MILLION FOR MEXICO’S TERRITORY ABOVE THE RIO GRANDE – NO DEAL! • EARLY 1846 -- POLK SENT GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR, 3,500 TROOPS TO NUECES STRIP (PART OF MEXICO UNDER ADAMS-ONIS TREATY!

  32. APRIL 1846 – THE THORNTON AFFAIR. CASUS BELLI? • MEXICAN FORCES AMBUSHED 70-MAN U.S PATROL UNDER COLONEL THORNTON -- 16 TROOPS KILLED • WAR! POLK’S MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, MAY 11, 1846: • “Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil.” • MAY 13, 1846 – CONGRESS DECLARED WAR • MOST WHIGS IN CONGRESS VOTED IN FAVOR OF WAR (IT WAS POPULAR) – BUT MOST WHIG PEOPLE OPPOSED WAR FOR “SLAVE POWER”

  33. CALIFORNIA BEAR FLAG REPUBLIC, JUNE – JULY 1846 (THEN ANNEXED BY U.S. • LED BY CAPTAIN JOHN C. FREMONT, 33 U.S. SETTLERS IN SONOMA REVOLTED AND ESTABLISHED REPUBLIC THE ORIGINAL BEAR FLAG, AND CALIFORNIA STATE FLAG John C. Frémont

  34. GREATEST HITS OF THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR • BATTLE/ SEIGE OF VERACRUZ, MARCH 9 – 29, 1847 • COMBINED NAVAL/ ARMY INVASION – TROOPS UNDER WINFIELD SCOTT CONQUER SEAPORT, BEGIN MARCHING TOWARD MEXICO CITY

  35. BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA, FEBRUARY 22 – 23, 1847 • DECISIVE LAND BATTLE – ZACHARY TAYLOR DEFEATED SANTA ANNA (YES, HE WAS BACK IN POWER IN MEXICO)

  36. BUENA VISTA – REHEARSAL FOR CIVIL WAR? GENERAL ZACHARY TAYOR, NEXT PRESIDENT. COLONEL JEFFERSON DAVIS, FUTURE CONFEDERATE PRESIDENT

  37. BATTLE OF MEXICO CITY, SEPTEMBER 8 – 15, 1847 WINFIELD SCOTT DEFEATED SANTA ANNA – U.S. IN MEXICO’S CAPITAL – VICTORY!

  38. BATTLE OF MEXICO CITY, SEPTEMBER 8 – 15, 1847 WINFIELD SCOTT DEFEATED SANTA ANNA – U.S. IN MEXICO’S CAPITAL – VICTORY!

  39. MEXICO CITY – CIVIL WAR REHEARSAL? IN ADDITION TO WINFIELD SCOTT, PRESENT AT BATTLE: ROBERT E. LEE, GEORGE MEADE, ULYSSES S. GRANT, STONEWALL JACKSON

  40. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo/ MEXICAN CESSION, 1848 • $15 MILLION FOR 1.2 MILLION ACRES – CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator

  41. POLITICAL FALLOUT FROM THE WAR – ALL OVER SLAVERY • WILMOT PROVISO (1846 AND AGAIN AND AGAIN) – NEVER ADOPTED BUT MAJOR PROVOCATION Provided, that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory. . . .” REP. DAVID WILMOT, D. PA.

  42. LINCOLN EMERGES AS NATIONAL FIGURE – THE “SPOT RESOLUTIONS” • DECEMBER 22, 1847 -- LINCOLN PROPOSED SEVERAL RESOLUTIONS IN HOUSE CHALLENGING POLK TO IDENTIFY THE EXACT SPOT ON “U.S. SOIL” • WHERE MEXICO SHED U.S. BLOOD • THIS EARNED LINCOLN THE NICKNAME ”SPOTTY”

  43. Henry David Thoreau, “On civil disobedience” • THOREAU REFUSED TO PAY HIS POLL TAXES TO PROTEST THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR AND SLAVERY • WENT TO JAIL FOR ONE DAY, WROTE LYCEUM LECTURE ARGUING DUTY TO PASSIVELY RESIST UNJUST LAWS • INFLUENCED GHANDI AND MARTIN LUTHER KING

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