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MODULE 7 ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES AIRES (Spain)

MODULE 7 Environment technologies. MODULE 7 ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES AIRES (Spain).

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MODULE 7 ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES AIRES (Spain)

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  1. MODULE 7 Environment technologies • MODULE 7 • ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES • AIRES • (Spain)

  2. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. MODULE 7 Environment technologies

  3. INTRODUCTION Environment technologies • CONTENTS Introduction 1. Waste Management 2. Air Pollution Control 3. Wastewater Control 4. Soil Pollution Control 5. Noise Control 6. Monitoring Technologies

  4. INTRODUCTION Environment technologies • INTRODUCTION • Technology development is key to ensure environmental efficiency and legal compliance when applying EMAS: • Links between EMAS and environmental technologies can be summarized in the following aspects: • Environmental policy might include the will to use cleaner technologies or Best Available Technology’s • Skills and competences of the labour force have to be sufficiently updated and balanced with technology used. • Objectives and targets have to be designed taking into account environmental performance (planned and actual) and technology changes. • Operational control and non-compliance management require a periodic assessment and review of the technological means. • Auditing process and team shall correspond to the technology development of the organization.

  5. INTRODUCTION Environment technologies • INTRODUCTION • Several environmental technologies are presented, covering the following issues: • Waste • Air Pollution • Wastewater • Soil • Noise • Monitoring • Module covers environmental technologies suitable for small and medium enterprises, public agencies and environmental organizations, taking into account investment costs and know-how. Expensive or high-developed technologies might have not been presented in the module then.

  6. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT

  7. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • CONTENTS • Background • Identification and Classification • Techniques • Types of waste • Selecting technology

  8. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • BACKGROUND • Waste management is one of the most important environmental problem of the world. Exist different technologies to apply to manage the waste that human activities generate.   • Best option to combat the wastes accumulation problems, is always the reduce of generation wastes, then the reuse of wastes, and finally the recycling of wastes. Sometimes is necessary the treatment and disposal of wastes.

  9. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • IDENTIFICATION & CLASSIFICATION • Waste is identified and classified according Directive 2000/532/CE, related with the source of waste. • Organization of the waste list is set by codes, giving a two-digit code to type of industry or industrial processes that generate waste. • A four-digit code is associated to subindustrial sectors or subprocesses from waste is generated. • Finally, each type of waste has a six-digit code.

  10. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • The techniques used to manage wastes are of three types: • Volume Reduction technologies (mechanical, physical and chemical) • Treatment and disposal of wastes technologies (biodegradation, solidification, stabilization,..) • Ultimate disposal of wastes

  11. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Volume reduction technologies • Concentrating methods as vacuum filtration, rotatory drum pre coat-filter, pressure filtration, centrifuge dewatering thickeners. • Size reduction methods, as hammer mills, shredding machines, crushers, pulverisers and hoggers. • Treatment and disposal wastes technologies • Recycling wastes is the most effective technology to prevent the environmental problems.

  12. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Physical methods of waste treatment as primary treatment, polishing, secondary treatment, disposal resource recovery and discharge recycle. • Chemical treatment as: acid / base neutralization,chemical precipitation, electrolysis, hydrolysis, chemical extraction and leaching, ion exchange • Photolytic reactions as a technique to transform hazardous wastes in arid wastes with free photons of ultraviolet radiation. • Thermal treatment methods of incineration systems like rotary-klin incineration, liquid injection, fixed-hearth incinerators and fluidized bed incinerators.

  13. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Biodegradation wastes as the process to convert a by biological processes an organic wastes in a inorganic wastes. Processes as biodegradability, aerobic treatment and anaerobic treatment. • Land treatment and composting. Land treatment is the technique to modify the characteristics of soil to treat the wastes inside this. And composting is the technique to biodegrade the wastes introducing the wastes inside the soil, keeping act the natural reactions of the same soil.

  14. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Ultimate disposal of wastes • Landfilling as the technique that dispose the wastes in the land,other techniques are: disposal aboveground, surface impoundment of liquids and deep-well disposal of liquids • Incineration as a ultimate disposal of wastes when the ash of this incineration result arid wastes.

  15. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TYPES OF WASTES • The types of wastes are divided in: • Municipal wastes • Medical wastes • Hazardous wastes • Industrial wastes

  16. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TYPES OF WASTES • Municipal wastes • Determining waste generation. The most commonly used method is the estimating the waste quantity is to weight the waste requiring disposal. The second ,method is to determine the volume of waste which is being generated and use known density factors to convert this into the associated weight. And the third method is to determine the population of the area and then multiply this by typical waste generation factors. • Reuse reduce and recycling these three methods are the most important methods in strategic plans of waste management for municipalities.

  17. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TYPES OF WASTES • Combustion is one of the most used technology to eliminate waste. Can comprise at same time, different types of incineration systems. • And finally landfilling is the historical method to treat the wastes, but many countries have not sufficient land to keep on involving. • Medical Waste • Packaging and storage, is an important factor of this kind of waste, for the condition of infectious waste. • Treatment and disposal of infectious waste with processes as thermal, melting, shredding, grinding, tearing or breaking.

  18. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TYPES OF WASTES • Incineration, hospital waste incineration involves the application of combustion processes under controlled conditions to convert wastes infectious and pathological material to inert mineral residues and gases. The incineration systems are the same than other type of wastes. • Microwaving, chemical disinfections processes, irradiation processes and plasma systems are other kind of techniques to treat the medical wastes.

  19. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TYPES OF WASTES • Hazardous waste treatment • Physical methods as: separation, filtration, transition, distillation, evaporation, precipitation, transfer, extraction, sorption, membrane separations, reverse osmosis, hyper-and ultra filtration. • Chemical treatments as chemical precipitation, oxidation / reduction Ion exchange, acid / base neutralization and chemical extraction and leaching reduction. • Thermal methods as incineration, the same systems than before. • And biodegradability as a technique to convert the hazardous wastes into a nonhazardous wastes.

  20. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • TYPES OF WASTES • Industrial wastes • The methods and techniques to manage the industrial wastes are the same methods and techniques that describe the rest of chapters. • Reduce, reuse and recycling • Reduction methods • Treatment methods • Incineration systems • Landfilling

  21. WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment technologies • SELECTING TECHNOLOGY • Options for treatment techniques for the various types of waste, types treatment equipment, treatment sites and various waste handling practices all need to be carefully evaluated. • The selection of available options at a facility depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the waste, the quantity of waste generated, the availability of equipment for treatment on site and of site, regulation constraints, and cost considerations. • We recommend the opinion of environment engineers experts to decide which technique apply in any case.

  22. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies 2. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

  23. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • CONTENTS • Background • Equipment • Techniques • Factors • Selecting technology

  24. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • BACKGROUND • Controlling the emission of pollutants from industrial and domestic sources is important in protecting the quality of air. Air pollutants can exist in the form of particulate matter or as gases. • Air cleaning devices have been reducing pollutant emissions from various sources for many years. • Originally, air cleaning equipment was used only if the contaminant was highly toxic or had some recovery value.

  25. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • EQUIPMENT • Equipment used to control particulate emissions are: • Gravity settlers (often referred to as settling chambers) • Mechanical collectors (cyclones) • Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) • Scrubbers • Fabric filters • Hybrid systems

  26. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • EQUIPMENT • Gravity settlers (often referred to as settling chambers) • Gravity settlers, or gravity settling chambers, are used industrially for the removal of solid and liquid waste materials from gaseous streams. • Advantages accounting for their use are simple construction, low initial cost and maintenance, low pressure losses, and simple disposal of waste materials. • Mechanical collectors (cyclones) • Centrifugal separators, commonly referred to as cyclones, are widely used in industry for the removal of solid and liquid particles (or particulates) from gas streams.

  27. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • EQUIPMENT • Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) • They are satisfactory devices for removing small particles from moving gas streams at high collection efficiencies. They have been used almost universally in power plants for removing fly ash from the gases prior to discharge. • Two major types of high-voltage ESP configurations currently used are tubular and plate. Tubular precipitators consist of cylindrical collection tubes with discharge electrodes located on the axis of the cylinder. Vast majority of ESPs installed are of the plate type. • Collected particles are usually removed by rapping.

  28. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • EQUIPMENT • Scrubbers (venturi scrubbers) • Wet scrubbing involves the technique of bringing a contaminated gas stream into intimate contact with a liquid. • Wet scrubbers include all the various types of gas absorption equipment. • The term "scrubber" will be restricted to those systems which utilize a liquid, usually water, to achieve or assist in the removal of particulate matter from a carrier gas stream.

  29. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • EQUIPMENT • Fabric filters (bag houses) • Filtration process may be conducted in many different types of fabric filters.Differences may be related to: • Type of fabric • Cleaning mechanism • Equipment • Mode of operation • Gases to be cleaned can be either "pushed" or "pulled" through the bag house. • In the pressure system (push through) the gases may enter through the cleanout, hopper in the bottom or through the top of the bags. • In the suction type (pull through) the dirty gases are usually forced through the inside of the bag and exit through the outside.

  30. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • EQUIPMENT • Hybrid systems are defined as those types of control devices that involve combinations of control mechanisms-for example, fabric filtration combined with electrostatic precipitation. • Four of the major hybrid systems found in practice today include: • Wet electrostatic precipitators, • Ionizing wet scrubbers, • Dry scrubbers, and • Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration.

  31. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies Absorption Combustion Condensation • TECHNIQUES • Applicability of a given technique depends on the physical and chemical properties of the pollutant and the exhaust stream. • More than one technique may be capable of controlling emissions from a given source • Techniques used to control gaseous emissions are: Adsorption

  32. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Absorption • Mass transfer operation in which a gas is dissolved in a liquid. • A contaminant (pollutant exhaust stream) contacts a liquid, and the contaminant dif­fuses from the gas phase into the liquid phase. • The liquid most often used for absorption is water. • Reagents can be added to the absorbing water to increase the removal efficiency of the system. Gas absorbers or wet scrubbers are designed to provide good mixing of the gas and liquid phases. • The devices used for gas absorption are often the same as those used in particulate emission scrubbing. • These include packed towers, plate towers, spray columns, and venturi scrubbers.

  33. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Adsorption • Mass transfer process that involves removing a gaseous contaminant by adhering it to the surface ofa solid. • It can be classified as physical or chemical. In physical adsorption, a gas molecule adheres to the surface of the solid due to an imbalance of natural forces (electron distribution). • In chemisorption, once the gas molecule adheres to the surface, it reacts chemically with it. • The major distinction is that physical adsorption is readily reversible whereas chemisorption is not.

  34. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Combustion • Combustion is defined as rapid, high-temperature gas-phase oxidation. • Simply, the contaminant (a carbon-hydrogen substance) is burned with air and converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor. • The operation of any combustion source is governed by the three T's of combustion; temperature, turbulence, and time. • Combustion devices can be categorized as flares, thermal incinerators, or catalytic incinerators

  35. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • TECHNIQUES • Condensation • Process in which the volatile gases are removed from the contaminant stream and changed into a liquid. • It is usually achieved by reducing the temperature of a vapor mixture until the partial pressure of the condensable component equals its vapor pressure. • Requires low temperatures to liquefy most pure contaminant vapors. • It is affected by the composition of the contaminant gas stream. • Condensers are normally used in combination with primary control devices. • Condensers can be located upstream of (before) an incinerator, adsorber, or absorber.

  36. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies Economic Environ mental Engineering • FACTORS • There are a number of factors to be considered prior to selecting a particular piece of air pollution control hardware.

  37. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies Environ mental • FACTORS • Environmental factors • Equipment location • Available space • Ambient conditions • Availability of adequate utilities (i.e., power, water, etc.) and ancillary system facilities (i.e., waste treatment and disposal, etc.) • Maximum allowable emissions (air regulations) • Aesthetic considerations • Contribution of air pollution control system to wastewater and solid waste • Contribution of air pollution control system to plant noise levels

  38. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies Economic • FACTORS • Economic • Capital cost (equipment, installation, engineering, etc.) • Operating cost (utilities, maintenance, etc.) • Expected equipment lifetime and salvage value

  39. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies Engineering • FACTORS • Engineering • Contaminant characteristics (i.e., physical and chemical properties, concentration, particulate shape and size) • Gas stream characteristics (i.e., volume flow rate, temperature, pressure, humidity, composition, viscosity, density, reactivity, combustibility, corrosivity, toxicity, etc.) • Design and performance characteristics of the particular control system(i.e., size and weight, fractional efficiency curves, etc)

  40. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Environment technologies • SELECTING TECHNOLOGY • Final choice in equipment selection is usually dictated by that equipment capable of achieving compliance with regulatory codes at the lowest uniform annual cost (amortized capital investment plus operation and maintenance costs). • In order to compare specific control equipment alternatives, knowledge of the particular application and site is essentials. • A preliminary screening, however, may be performed by reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of each type of air pollution control equipment.

  41. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies 3. WASTEWATER CONTROL

  42. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies • CONTENTS • Background • Wastewater treatment principles • Wastewater treatment plants • Primary treatment • Secondary treatment • Tertiary treatment

  43. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies • BACKGROUND • Basic objective of the field of water quality engineering is the determination of the environmental controls that must be instituted to achieve a specific environmental quality objective • Role of the water quality engineer and scientist is to analyze water quality problems by dividing the problem into its principal components: • Inputs - discharge of residue into the environment from man' s and nature's activities. • Reactions and physical transport - chemical and biological transformations and water movement that result in different levels of water quality at different locations in time in the aquatic ecosystem. • Output - the resulting concentration of a substance, at a particular location in the water body during a particular time of the year or day

  44. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies • BACKGROUND • There are several points at which the water quality in a system can be controlled. • The initial concentration at the outfall can be controlled by: • Reducing the effluent concentration of the waste input • Reducing the upstream concentration and effluent volume • Increasing the upstream flow by low flow augmentation • The choice of the mix of the above controls involves issues of: • The costs of the controls - Iocally, regionally, and nationally. • The expected benefits of water quality in water use. • The technological bounds (e.g., available storage for low flow augmentation) on the controls.

  45. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies • WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRINCIPLES • If untreated wastewater is allowed to accumulate, the decomposition of the organic materials it contains can lead to the production of offensive odors and gases. • Untreated wastewater contains numerous pathogenic microorganisms, released from the human intestinal system. • It contains nutrients which can stimulate the growth of aquatic life, and it may also contain toxic compounds. • Immediate removal from its sources, followed by treatment and disposal are the priorities when managing wastewater. Removal Treatment Disposal

  46. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies • WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT • Purpose of any ww treatment plant is to convert the components in raw wastewater, with its inherent characteristics, into a relatively harmless final effluent for discharge to a receiving body of water and to safely dispose of the solids (sludge) produced in the process. • Wastewater treatment plant must satisfy these conditions : • requirements for aesthetics and minimization of obnoxious odors at treatment and disposal • to prevent contamination of water supplies from physical, chemical, and biological agents; • to prevent destruction of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic life; • to protect against the spread of disease from crops grown on sewage irrigation or sludge disposal; • to encourage other beneficial uses of effluent.

  47. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies Primary (Physical) Secondary (Chemical) Tertiary (Biological) • WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS • Wastewater treatment plants utilize a number of individual or unit operations and processes to achieve the desired degree of treatment. • Collective treatment schematic is called a flow scheme, a flow diagram, a flow sheet, a process train, or a flow schematic. • Unit operations and processes are grouped together to provide what is known as primary, secondary, and tertiary (or advanced) treatment.

  48. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies Primary Treatment • PRIMARY TREATMENT • Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces predominate are known as physical unit operations. • These were the first methods to be used for wastewater treatment. • Screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, and filtration are typical unit operations for primary treatment processes.

  49. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies • PRIMARY TREATMENT • Clarification (Sedimentation) • Process of separating the settleable solids from the liquid • Some treatment systems employing two or more stages of treatment and clarification, the terms primary, secondary, and final clarification are used. • The actual physical sizing of the clarifier (depth, surface area, inlet structure, etc.) is highly dependent upon the quantity and composition of the flow. • Clarification units can be either circular or rectangular and are normally designed to operate on a continuous flow-through basis: • circular units are generally called clarifiers, • whereas rectangular units are commonly referred to as sedimentation tanks.

  50. WASTEWATER CONTROL Environment technologies • PRIMARY TREATMENT • Flotation • Separates these particles by their density by the introduction of air into the system. • Fine bubbles adhere to, or are absorbed by, the solids, which are then lifted to the surface. • Flotation separator tanks can be either rectangular or circular in shape and constructed of either concrete or steel • It is an appropriate technology for treating suspended solids and oil and grease in industrial waters. Process will achieve 40-65% suspended solids removal and 60% of oil and grease removal.

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