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The Renaissance

The Renaissance. Instruments. String Instruments. The Lute—Pre-16 th Century. Plucked (Other related instruments: vihuela, guitar, cittern, bandore, orpharion mandora and mandolin). Lute. Lute. The Viol Family—Late 15 th Century.

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The Renaissance

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  1. The Renaissance Instruments

  2. String Instruments

  3. The Lute—Pre-16th Century • Plucked • (Other related instruments: vihuela, guitar, cittern, bandore, orpharion mandora and mandolin)

  4. Lute

  5. Lute

  6. The Viol Family—Late 15th Century • Included different sizes, requiring different methods of performing • Viola da braccio (“Viol of the Arm”) • Viola da gamba (“Viol of the leg”) • Have fretted fingerboards and six strings

  7. Viol

  8. The Violin Family—Middle 16th Century • Slower to develop than viol • Still Different Sizes • No Frets • 4 strings

  9. Viol Violin

  10. Wind Instruments Woodwind

  11. The Recorder-Late 14th Century • Pitched in ranges similar to human voice (soprano, alto, tenor and bass)—(by the end of 15th century) • Original instruments in one piece (currently several) • Holes covered (or uncovered) to change pitches

  12. Recorder

  13. The Chalumeau-Early Clarinet (hence the name of the lower clarinet register) • Recorder with a reed • Late 16th Century

  14. The Shawm—14th Century • Double-Reed • Early Oboe • Like Recorder had a holed-system • Pitched in ranges similar to human voice

  15. Shawm

  16. The Crumhorn (Krumhorn)-- • Capped (Covered) Double-Reed • Early Bassoonish instrument • Like Recorder had a holed-system • Pitched in ranges similar to human voice

  17. Crumhorn

  18. The Curtal-- • Double-Reed • Most closely related to the bassoon • Like Recorder had a holed-system • Made by folding shawm in half • Has bores (tubing) inside the casing that we see • Pitched in ranges similar to human voice • Racket is related instrument (tightly-sound cylindrical bores inside casing)

  19. Curtal p.138

  20. Racket

  21. The Bagpipes and Bladder Pipes • Well, they did all the other stuff that has been mentioned and held the air with a bag or bladder.

  22. Bladder Pipe

  23. Bagpipe

  24. Wind Instruments Brass

  25. Brass Instruments • Most were limited to a single key • Changed by slurring between registers (within harmonic series)

  26. The Trumpet • Slide or Straight

  27. The Sackbut • Predecessor to the Trombone • Used a slide

  28. Sackbut

  29. The Serpent Horn • Large Curved Brass Instrument in the shape of, um…a serpent! • Changed notes with holes • Predecessor of the Tuba

  30. Curtel Serpent

  31. Percussion Instruments Not a whole lot has changed They were still struck

  32. The Long Drum

  33. Tambourine The Long Drum and the Short Drum?

  34. Keyboard Instruments

  35. The Organ • Featured multiple registers (several sets of pipes) • Smaller organs required the performer to operate the bellows with one hand while playing with the other • Larger organs allowed a second person to operate the bellows, allowing the performer to use both hands

  36. Portative-Table top Organ Claviorganum, 1598Made by Laurentium HauslaibNuremberg, Germany

  37. Regal, 1575 Two-Person Organ (Pipes not shown)

  38. The Harpsichord— Late 14th Century • Played as a either a solo or accompanying instrument • Different stops or pulls allowed the player to access different octaves on the same keys AND to play different dynamics • (Keys were reversed—white vs. black)

  39. Harpsichord

  40. The Clavichord— Early 15th Century • Small solo or home practice instrument • Strings hit with hammer (inside) • Allowed change in dynamics with finger pressure

  41. Clavichord (Germany, 1710)

  42. The Renaissance Instrumental and Dance Music

  43. Instrumental Music • 4 Types: • Intabulations • Variations • Freely Composed/Abstract Works • Dance Music

  44. Intabulations • Arrangement of a vocal work for plucked string instruments or keyboard • Often times from a chanson (or related work) • Included lute, guitar, vihuela, cittern, pandora, harpsichord • First publication devoted entirely to keyboard music Frottole intabulate da sonare organi, was published in Rome in 1517 by Andrea Antico

  45. Variations • Theme and Variation • Theme is presented…and then it is varied (with ornamentation and embellishment). • Often times motive statement and restatement techniques are used. ♫3:10 (Cabezon, 1510-1566, Harpsichord)

  46. Freely Composed/Abstract • No established form • Important genres: • Ricercar • Fantasia • Tocatta

  47. Freely Composed/Abstract ♫Bonus:5 (Spinacino, 1507, Lute) • Ricercar-Italian, “To research, to seek out” • “Seeks out” more or thematic idea • Runs and passagework • Dramatic pause • Rubato feel (freely, varying tempo) LATER: • Mainly pervading imitation and very similar to style and form of motets ♫3:10 (Gabrieli, 1589, cornets and sackbuts)

  48. Freely Composed/Abstract • Toaccata-Italian toccare, “to touch” • Lightly touching piano keys (moving passages) • Freely constructed and unrelated to any preexistent material • Fantasia-Fantasy on composers imagination • Similar to toccata • Implores the use of most techniques described thus far (pervading imitation, theme and variation, motive restatements, etc.)

  49. Dance Music ♫3:11-12 (Praetorius, 1612, Various) • Provided as dance music • Several types, distinguishable: • Pavane: slow, courtly dance (two) • Passamezzo: Like pavane, but lighter step • Bourree: Lively (two) • Salterello: Lively (usually follows slower dance) • Galliarde: More Lively than salterello…requires leaps from dancers • Volta: vigorous, turning dance (Italian voltare “to turn”) • Branle: Line dance • Moresca: Dance influenced by “Moorish” styles (Northern Africa and Spain) • Rondo: Round Dance large group in a circle—lively tempo

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