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Classification

Classification. Chapter 18. The Need for Systems. Taxonomy -the practice of naming and classifying organisms Biologist use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms. These systems attempt to provide consistent ways to name and categorize organisms. Early Scientific Names.

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Classification

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  1. Classification Chapter 18

  2. The Need for Systems • Taxonomy-the practice of naming and classifying organisms • Biologist use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms. These systems attempt to provide consistent ways to name and categorize organisms.

  3. Early Scientific Names • Genus- A taxon used to group similar objects • Binomial Nomenclature- A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name.

  4. Naming Rules • All scientific names for species are made up of two Latin or Latinlike terms.

  5. The Linnaean System • In the Linnaean System of classification, organisms are grouped at successive levels of a hierarchy based on similarities in their form and structure. • The 8 basic levels of modern classification are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

  6. Traditional Systematics • Scientists have traditionally used similarities in appearance and structure to group organisms. However, this approach has been proven problematic.

  7. Phylogenetics • Phylogeny-the ancestral relationship between species. • Grouping Organisms by similarity is often assumed to reflect phylogeny, but interpreting phylogeny is complex in practice.

  8. Cladistics Cladistics- a method of analysis that infers phylogenies by careful comparisons of shared characteristics. Cladistic analysis is used to select the most likely phylogeny among a given set of organisms.

  9. Inferring Evolutionary Relatedness • Biologists compare many kinds of evidence and apply logic carefully in order to infer phylogenies.

  10. Updating Classification Systems • Biologists have added complexity and detail to classification systems as they have learned more.

  11. The Three-Domain System • Today, most biologists tentatively recognize three domains and six kingdoms.

  12. Domain Bacteria • Domain Bacteria is equivalent to Kingdom Eubacteria. • Bacteria are prokaryotes that have a strong exterior cell wall and a unique genetic system.

  13. Domain Archaea • Domain Archaea is equivalent to Kingdom Archaebacteria. • Archaea have a chemically unique cell wall and membranes and a unique genetic system.

  14. Domain Eukarya • Domain Eukarya is made up of Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. • Eukaryotes are organisms composed of eukaryotic cells.

  15. Assignment • Pg. 441, 5-13, 16 • Pg. 442, 20, 26 • Pg. 443, 1-7

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