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SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH

SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH. Dikendalikan oleh jantung. Fungsi jantung : Mengedarkan cairan darah Mengedarkan gas, air, mineral (darah) serta hasil buangan metabolisme yg berbentuk larutan dan terlarut dlm darah.

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SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH

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  1. SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH Dikendalikan oleh jantung

  2. Fungsi jantung : • Mengedarkan cairan darah • Mengedarkan gas, air, mineral (darah) serta hasil buangan metabolisme yg berbentuk larutan dan terlarut dlm darah Pd insang terjadi pertukaran O2 dr air & CO2 dari darah & pengeluaran kotoran brnitrogen Organ lain yang mengeluarkan kotoran dr darah adalah ginjal Volume darah di dlm peredaran di tubuh ikan + 2,5-3% dari berat tubuh ikan

  3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Jantung • Letak : cranioventral, dibelakanginsang • darironggaperutolehsebuahsekat • pny 2 ruang, tetapitdd 4 bagian : • sinus venosus: ruangpenerimadarahdrseluruhtubuh (drpembuluh vena) • atrium: ruangan dg otot cardiac yglunak, memompa dg lemah • ventricle: bag. depanmemilikikatup, berdindingtebal (2 lapis otot cardiac), selaluberdenyut u/ memompadarahkeseluruhtubuh (pompautama) • bulbusarteriosus: fibroelastis dg katuputkmencegahalirankembalikeventrikel; berfungsisbgpengaturtekananuntukmenjaga pembuluh2 diinsang

  4. venous blood to heart • hepatic portal system • renal portal system • heart to gills • via ventral aorta • gills to body • via dorsal aorta

  5. Circulation • mirip pd mamalia ; jtg respiratory system (insang) u/ pertukaran gas  tubuh • Deoxygenated blood mengalirdrjtg ventral aorta  insang • Oxygenated blood mengalirdrinsang dorsal aorta  tubuh. • Darah Venous tdd 2 sistim. a. Dr bag. ekorberjlnmelewatiginjal jtg (renal portal system). b. Dr ususberjlnmelewatihati jtg(hepatic portal system).

  6. Blood flow from heard to gills Bulbus arteriosus ventricle atrium Sinus venosus Blood flow from body

  7. Siklus peredaran darah ikan Dari ventral aorta sbgaan ke kpl darah disaring ginjal cranial masuk sinus venosus sbgan ke seluruh tubuh

  8. ORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAH • Pembuluhdarahembrio & dewasa • Limpha: pd submucosa & pencernaan (ik. Lamprey) • Limpha: ygdptmembentuk erythrocyte & seldarah • Mesonephros: membentukThrombocyte • Submucosa: esophagus (Elasmobranchi) • Usus spiral: (Elasmobranchi & Diphnoi; membentukseldarahputih) • Jaringandiluarjantung: (Lepidosiren, polyodom & acipencer; mbtk lymphocyte & granulocyte) • Tl. Rawan Cranial: membentukbermcmseldarahputih (Squaliformes, Lepisosteus & Amia)

  9. DARAH Susunan darah • Plasma darah (cairan jernih mineral terlarut,hasil pencernaan terserap, hasil buangan jaringan, antibodi, gas t’larut & enzim lipase + carbonic anhidrase) • Butiran darah

  10. Butiran/seldarah • Butiran darah erythrocyte leucocyte granulocyte lymphocyte monocytes thrombocytes Granulocyte :dibedakan berdasarakan penyerapan thd zat warna • Neutrofil menyerang bakteri • Eosinofil • acidofil • Basofil

  11. Red blood cells • elongated andelliptical • with an oval, centrally-located, nucleus • Immature erythrocytes are called polychromatocytes • Blood volume is 2-4 ml/kg for teleosts • main source • head kidney

  12. Bentuk sel darah merah ikan • sudah masak adl. oval Φ7-36mm • blm masak bulat • Pengangkutan zat asam dlm darah dilakukan o/ pigmen pernafasan (haemoglobin)terdpt dlm butir darah merah • Pengangkutan O2 o/ darah sangat tergantung pd jumlah erytrocyte • Darah ikan dpt mengikat zat asam 15-25 x dibanding air, shg haemoglobin sangat efisien dlm mengikat oksigen Mature erythrocyte Immature erythrocyte

  13. White blood cells (WBC) / Leucocytes • mirip mammalia • tdd neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes & macrophages  masing2 mempunyai ciri spesifik • lymphocytes > neutrophils • lymphoid tissues • Thymus  primary sources • head kidney  primary sites of antibody production • Spleen • melanomacrophage centers

  14. Contoh kisaran Jml leucocytes pd ikan  lymphocytes (tipe leucocyte yg terbyk), pd salmonid/Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss), antara 7.8 & 20.9 x 103 cells/ mm3 JmlWBC dibanding jml sel darah yang bersirkulasi: • Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 3.5% of blood cells • White Bream (Diplodus sargus) 3.5% of blood cells • Saupe(Sarpa salpa) 2% of blood cells

  15. Pd vertebrata tk ↑ spt mamalia, pbtk WBC ditentukan bone marrow (sumsum tulang), the spleen (limpha) and the lymph nodes (kelenjar getah bening). Melanomacrophage center mrpk kelompokmacrophages & melanocytes ygditemukan di hati, limpha, & ginjal. Kelompokinimengandung melanin,lipofuscin, & materi fagocytygdptmengalami hyperplasia and hypertrophy saat sakit, kelaparan, atau pd lingkungan yg terpolusi

  16. Macrophage : bagian dari drh putih yg memakan(memfagosit) benda asing kebanyakan berada di ginjal. • Hyperplasia : perkembangbiakan sel pada jaringan shg terlihat sangat besar atau menjadi tumor jinak. • hypertrophy: bertambahnya volume komponen organ atau jaringan

  17. LYMPHOCYTE • FUNGSI : membentuk antibodi  to mediate the humoral(HT6B3.3) & cellular immune response • Lymphocytes spherical cells (btk bola/bulat) spherical cells immature lymphocytes

  18. fish lymphocytes dibagi 2 sub-populations yg fungsinya mirip B and T lymphocytes pd mammals. Saat kontak dg antigen  tjd proliferation dr lymphocytes  then secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin antibody. proportion lymphocytes yg mrpk leucocytes ± 85% pd bbrp jenis ikan. Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 89 - 98% Lymphocytenya mrpk leucocytes. Estimasi jml lymphocytes dlm darah ikan agak sulit krn sulit dibedakan dg thrombocytes.

  19. Percentage of WBC & lymphocytes pd sel darah : • Sea Bass(Dicentrarchus labrax) WBC: 90% lymphocytes 3.15% • White Bream(Diplodus sargus) WBC: 70% lymphocytes 2.45% • Saupe (Sarpa salpa) WBC : 88% lymphocytes 1.76%

  20. Granulocytes • Pny struktur khusus, dikenal sbg Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes. cytoplasm pny sejml granula halus. • Granulocytes  3 sub-populations berbeda tgt staining characteristics dr granula stl diberi histological dyes (eg. Romanowsky dyes). • 3 tipe granulocytes di ikan: neutrophils & eosinophils  plg byk, basophils  jarang • Granulocytes dibutuhkan dlm mekanisme pertahanan non-specific, yi. Bertgg jwb thd keberadaan benda asing dlm tbhtp tidak mengenali specific antigens. Sel ini bermigrasi ke bagian tbh yg diserang & merusak benda asing melalui phagocytosis / direct killing (cytotoxic response). Proses ini menyebabkan inflammatory response (peradangan)

  21. NEUTROPHIL: leucocyte tdk pny afinitas u/ acid or basic dyes, but stainable by neutral dyes. Jmlnya plg byk; dpt keluar dr darah & msak jar. Tbh u/ menelan bacteria. • EOSINOPHIL: special WBC (polymorphonuclear leucocyte) yg dpt di stained dg acid dyes dpt as eosin. Dibutuhkan u/ merusak internal parasites & dlm pengaturan reaksi peradangan krn alergi • BASOPHIL: Substansi / or tissue element yg menunjukkan affinity u/ basic dyes; (mrpk granulocytes yg dpt mencerna micro-organisms). Dlm darah normalnya jmlnya sgt ↓. Di ikan kebeadaanya msh dipertanyakan • Granulocytes berkisar 4-60% dr leucocytes ikan, jumlahnya bervariasi in different species of fish. • Granulocytes diperkirakan 1-9% dr total WBC in juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). • Percentage of i) WBC and ii) granulocytes dlm sel darah % WBC % granulo dlm sel darah • Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 8% 0.28% • White Bream (Diplodus sargus) 28% 0.98% • Saupe (Sarpa salpa) 12% 0.24%

  22. Monocytes • Monocytes  sel yg besar, dg nucleus besar  antara ⅓ - ½ dr cell. • cytoplasm mengandung granula kecil yg tersebar • Monocytes  precursors of macrophages. • Monocytes berfungsi merespon infeksi.  berperan pd non-specific immunity & inflammatory response. Monocytes lbh bersifat phagocytic dp granulocytes • Monocytes ditemukan dlm jml besar pd ginjal, diduga berasal dr stem cells ginjal

  23. Pd ikan, darah mengandung jml monocytes yg bervariasi, tp umumnya sedikit. • Cth. pd Plaice ± 0.1% dr total leucocytes. • Pd Catfish ± 1-8% dr leucocytes. • Percentage of i) WBC ii) monocytes dlm sel darah % (i) % (ii) Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 2% 0.07% White Bream (Diplodus sargus) 2% 0.07% Saupe(Sarpa salpa) 0% 0%

  24. thrombocytes • Ada 4 btk thrombocytes yg umumnya ditemui ; oval, spindle-shaped, spiked & fragmented. • The oval or spindle-shaped cells  dianggap btk normal thrombocytes in vivo, & sangat mirip dg lymphocytes. • Thrombocytes berperan dlm pembekuan darah. • The source of thrombocytes  spleen seen in large numbersin mammal • thrombocytes  precursors dr sel platelets, yg bersirkulasi dlm darah & bertgg jwb pd pembekuan darah. • Mammalian thrombocytes jarang ditemui dlm sirkulasi, tp di ikan thrombocytes bersirkulasi dlm darah

  25. ada disagreement thd jml thrombocytes yg ada dlm peripheral blood of fish,  ini disebabkan sulit dibedakan dari lymphocytes. • DISAGREEMENT: Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, thrombocytes dihitung sebesar 1-6% of total leucocytes. • Ratio lymphocytes dg thrombocytes pd Rainbow Trout  25:1, tapi pd jenis yg sama diukur rasionya 2:1. • % leucocytes : thrombocytes pd Carp (Carassius auratus),± 70% dilaporkan bbrp peneliti, sdgk lainnya menyebutkan hanya 3-13%.

  26. Klp wbc • Sel darah putih ada 2 Agranulosit : lymphocit & monocyt Granulocit : neutrofil, eosinofil & basofil Di darah ikan mas hanya ditemukan lymphocit , monocyt & neutrofil monocyt & neutrofil : sbg macrofag yg kemampuan makannya lebih besar Eosinofil & lymfosit : macrofag yg kemampuan makannya lemah

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