Struggles for Democracy , 1945–Present

1. CHAPTER 35 QUIT Struggles for Democracy, 1945–Present Chapter Overview Time Line Patterns of Change: Democracy 1 SECTION Democratic Challenges in African Nations 2 SECTION Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy 3 SECTION MAP Collapse of the Soviet Union 4 SECTION China Follows Its Own Path 5 SECTION GRAPH Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 35 Chapter Overview HOME Struggles for Democracy, 1945–Present The establishment of democracy can be a long, difficult process, as events in Latin America, Africa, the former Soviet bloc, and China show. Democracy appears to be on the rise worldwide as people recognize many common economic and political goals.

3. CHAPTER 35 2002 1945 HOME Struggles for Democracy, 1945–Present Time Line 1948South Africa imposes apartheid policy of racial discrimination. 1967Nigerian civil war begins. 1985Mikhail Gorbachev takes power in Soviet Union. 1991Soviet Union dissolves. 1964Brazilian military seizes power. 1978Deng Xiaoping begins economic reforms in China. 1989Berlin Wall comes down. 1994South Africa holds its first multiracial election.

4. 1 PATTERNS OF CHANGE HOME Democracy CASE STUDY: Latin American Democracies Key Idea Democracy requires key institutions and practices to ensure popular participation. After World War II, Latin American countries struggle to create stable democratic systems. Overview Assessment

5. PATTERNS OF CHANGE TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Democracy 1 CASE STUDY: Latin American Democracies Overview •Brasília •land reform •standard of living •recession •PRI WHY IT MATTERS NOW Democracy is not easy to achieve. In Latin America, economic problems and authoritarian rule delayed democracy. By the mid-1990s, almost all Latin American nations had democratic governments. Assessment

6. 1 PATTERNS OF CHANGE Nation Steps towards democracy Direct elections Brazil Civilian government Attempts to mend economy Democratic constitution Mexico Some land reform Gradual opening of political system to opposition Civilian government Argentina Free elections Economic reforms HOME Democracy CASE STUDY: Latin American Democracies 1 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Record the steps that Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina have taken toward democracy. continued . . .

7. 1 PATTERNS OF CHANGE HOME Democracy CASE STUDY: Latin American Democracies 1 Section Assessment 2. Compare and contrast the roles of the military in the governments of Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina. THINK ABOUT •their relationship to civilian governments •whether they hindered or advanced democracy ANSWER In Brazil and Argentina, the military overthrew civilian governments. Eventually they were forced to give up power and allow free elections. In Mexico, the military has never directly controlled the government. Possible Responses: continued . . .

8. 1 PATTERNS OF CHANGE HOME Democracy CASE STUDY: Latin American Democracies 1 Section Assessment 3. How does the state of a nation’s economy affect its democratic progress? THINK ABOUT •how economic conditions affect citizens’ support for the government •how economic conditions affect the government’s ability to provide for its citizens ANSWER Citizens are more likely to take part in political processes if they have economic security. Also, they are more likely to have a stake in their country’s future if they have a chance of economic improvement. If a government faces economic problems, such as high foreign debt, it has less money to spend on its people and may therefore lose public support. Possible Responses: End of Section 1

9. 2 HOME Democratic Challenges in African Nations Key Idea African nations work to build democracy. While Nigeria suffers setbacks, South Africa casts off white rule and lays the foundations for a democratic, multi-racial government. Overview Assessment

10. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Democratic Challenges in African Nations Overview •federal system •martial law •dissident •apartheid •Nelson Mandela WHY IT MATTERS NOW As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy. As Nigeria struggled with democracy, in 1996 South Africa adopted a bill of rights that promotes racial equality. Assessment

11. 2 2 Section Assessment Nigeria • Civil war when Biafra seceded • Reunification of country • Continued military rule • Former British colonies • Conflict among ethnic or racial groups • Jailed (and killed) political dissidents • Passage of apartheid • Majority rule South Africa • First black president • More democratic • International protest and boycott • New constitution and bill of rights • First universal elections HOME Democratic Challenges in African Nations 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare political events in Nigeria and South Africa. Both continued . . .

12. 2 HOME Democratic Challenges in African Nations 2 Section Assessment 2. What do you think is the main problem that Nigeria must overcome before it can establish a democratic government? THINK ABOUT •the problems that led to the civil war •the actions of the current military government ANSWER • The different ethnic groups must learn to accept one another, to prevent future conflicts. • The military must give up power and allow civilians to rule. Possible Responses: End of Section 2

13. 3 HOME Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy MAP Key Idea Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union undertakes major reforms to open up the Communist system. Soviet bloc countries in Eastern Europe go a step further and throw off Communist rule completely. Overview Assessment

14. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy MAP Overview •Politburo •Mikhail Gorbachev •glasnost •perestroika •Solidarity •Lech Walesa •reunification WHY IT MATTERS NOW Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev promoted democratic reforms, which inspired many Eastern Europeans. In the 1990s, most Eastern European nations overthrew communist governments. Germany reunified. Assessment

15. 3 1985-87 1990 1994 Gorbachev introduces glasnost, perestroika, and democratic reforms; signs INF treaty. Germany is reunified. Polish voters choose Solidarity. Romania holds elections. Socialists win in Hungary. 1985 1995 1989 1993 Berlin wall comes down; Poland, Hungary, Romania and Czechoslovakia oust Communist leaders. Neo-Nazis kill Turkish immigrants in Germany. HOME Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy MAP 3 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List significant events in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe between 1985 and 1995. continued . . .

16. 3 HOME Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy MAP 3 Section Assessment 2.  Explain how Gorbachev’s reforms helped to move the Soviet Union closer toward democracy.THINK ABOUT •the democratic practices and conditions listed onthe chart in Section 1 •how Gorbachev’s policies promoted those practices and conditions ANSWER •Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and citizen participation. •Perestroika promised to improve the economy. •Democratic reforms provided more open elections. Possible Responses: End of Section 3

17. 4 HOME Collapse of the Soviet Union Key Idea Reforms lead to unrest and the breakup of the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia face problems after becoming free of communism. Overview Assessment

18. 4 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Collapse of the Soviet Union Overview •Boris Yeltsin •CIS •“shock therapy” •ethnic cleansing WHY IT MATTERS NOW In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia all broke apart. Many of the new nations created after those breakups continue to struggle to establish democracy. Assessment

19. 4 Former nations Reasons for breakup Ethnic tensions Soviet Union Desire for self-rule by various republics Hard-liner’s loss of control of people Ethnic tensions Yugoslavia Loss of Tito’s authority Serbian aggression Czechoslovakia HOME Collapse of the Soviet Union 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Record the main reason or reasons that the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia each broke apart. Economic differences between regions continued . . .

20. 4 HOME Collapse of the Soviet Union 4 Section Assessment 2. Why did ethnic tension become such a severe problem in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the early 1990s? THINK ABOUT •the role that past Communist leaders had played in holding those countries together •the democratic reforms demanded by various ethnic groups •how those demands affected national unity ANSWER In the past, Communist leaders had suppressed nationalism and demands for self-rule. With the spread of democratic reforms, many ethnic groups demanded self-rule. This broke apart the Soviet Union. In Yugoslavia, one group—the Serbs—tried to dominate others. This led to civil war. Possible Responses: continued . . .

21. 4 HOME Collapse of the Soviet Union 4 Section Assessment 3. It has been said that Gorbachev’s reforms led to a second Russian Revolution. What did this revolution overthrow? THINK ABOUT •changes in the Soviet government and in the political process •who lost and who gained power ANSWER •The Soviet Union broke into 15 republics. •Authoritarian rule was replaced by more democratic practices. •Conservative Communists lost power, and the people gained power. Possible Responses: End of Section 4

22. 5 HOME China Follows Its Own Path GRAPH Key Idea China opens up to the West and implements reforms while maintaining its Communist system. Questions remain about the prospects for democracy in China, even as China regains Hong Kong. Overview Assessment

23. 5 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME China Follows Its Own Path GRAPH Overview •Zhou Enlai •Deng Xiaoping •Four Modernizations •Tiananmen Square •Hong Kong WHY IT MATTERS NOW In recent years, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy. After the 1997 death of Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, President Jiang Zemin seemed to be continuing those policies. Assessment

24. 5 Tiananmen Square HOME China Follows Its Own Path GRAPH 5 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the events leading up to the demonstration in Tiananmen Square and the events that followed it. Chinese buy Western goods and enjoy Western culture. Chinese students study in West. Chinese government massacres protesters. China opens doors to U.S. Deng Xiaoping begins Four Modernizations. Chinese government represses pro-democracy movement. Western tourists visit China. continued . . .

25. 5 HOME China Follows Its Own Path GRAPH 5 Section Assessment 2. Judging from what you have read about the Chinese government, do you think Hong Kong will keep its freedoms under Chinese rule? Explain. THINK ABOUT •the economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping •Tiananmen Square •the Chinese government’s promise to respect Hong Kong’s liberties for 50 years ANSWER No—The Chinese government will try to apply its policy of allowing capitalism but repressing democracy in Hong Kong. Yes—The Chinese government will give Hong Kong special treatment, perhaps to keep its economy profitable or to avoid international criticism. Possible Responses: End of Section 5