GRAMMAR

1. GRAMMAR Oh, goody -- grammar. Who needs it? Students, that's who. As I endlessly sit and correct papers, it is distressing to realize how much grammar many students don't know. By learning grammar, your writing will improve. We will begin with parts of speech. As you become more familiar with the parts of speech, you will become more skilled at using them correctly and avoiding the many errors that sneak into students' writing. When you see this star, it is pointing to a vocabulary definition you should have written down on your vocabulary worksheet.

2. Grammar - What can you tell me about these Parts of Speech Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections

3. What is a noun? It is a word that names a person, place, thing, idea, or quality. Person boy, teacher, Josh, doctor Place Miami, city, countryside Thing house, tree, horse, bicycle, ice cream Idea democracy, truth, illusion, fantasy Quality beauty, caring, hatred, boredom We use nouns all the time when we write e-mails to friends or papers for class. (For example, all these underlined words are nouns.) In the next few pages, we'll look at some mistakesthat students frequently make with nouns - and I'll give you pointers on how to avoid making those mistakes when you write.

4. Common noun writing mistake #1: When to capitalize nouns Names of specific people CAPS: Tucker, Tori, Juanita, Denzel, the Stevens family, the Joneses NO CAPS: family, boy, girl, sister, cousin NOTICE: all the words that get caps are proper nouns. All of the words that do not get caps are common nouns. Define these words from page 342 in your grammar book.

5. Directions: Tell me what type of noun the following words are. Also, can you tell me which are compound? 1. dog 2. infant 3. rollercoaster 4. markers 5. Solanco 6. Bella 7. Hershey Park 8. cup 9. peanut butter 10. butterfly

6. Common noun writing mistake #1: When to capitalize nouns.. continued What about mom and dad? Capitalize them when you're calling your parent's name but not when you refer to "my mom" or "my dad" • CAPS: • Hi, Mom! Welcome home, Dad. • NO CAPS: • My father and my mother are busy. Could your mom or dad • drive us to the movie? NOTICE: Again, the common rule for when to capitalize is when the noun NAMES a person, place, thing, idea or quality. Essentially meaning that it is a proper noun. Please refer to the writing handout regarding all other uses.

7. Common noun writing mistake #1: When to capitalize nouns.. continued • 14. Titles of movies, books, chapters, and articles • CAPS: • Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, “Tar Heels Beat Duke • 102-96,” Gulliver's Travels • NO CAPS: • Articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, but, etc.) and short • prepositions (in, of, with, etc) are usually not capitalized UNLESS: • ·They are the beginning word: The Life and Times of King • Joshua the Great • ·They are part of the verb: “Thief Holds Up Bank” (Up is not a • preposition, it is part of the verb to hold up)

8. PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT! Use one of the links listed on the Wiki to begin practicing these skills. BEWARE OF THE CAP TRAP Some students get Carried Away with Caps. They seem to think that every Word they capitalize suddenly becomes Exciting or Important. Don't fall into the Cap Trap. CAZY CAPS make your work look Bad, Bad, Bad. Quia: Capitalization Matching http://www.quia.com/mc/3522.html BrainPop: Catch It! http://www.brainpopjr.com/writing/sentence/capitalandlowercase/scrollingbackground/ Homework: Capitalization Worksheet 1 - Due TOMORROW!

9. What do you remember about Nouns? Person, place, thing, idea, quality Noun Compound Noun Common Noun Proper Noun Give an example: Capitalization: Yes or No ? Which is correct? The Webster Family or the Webster family.

10. While I check your homework, grab three different colored pencils.Circle all of the common nouns in one color. With your second colored pencil, circle all of the proper nouns. Finally, with your last colored pencil circle any compound nouns. Homework Answer Key - Check your homework for correctness. • Capitalization Worksheet 1 Key • 1. Journalism ; Dramatics • 2. aunt ; East • 3. high school ; president • 4. Dear ; Sir • 5. truly ; yours • 6. Labor Day ; university • 7. Freshman class ; senior • 8. sister ; South • 9. Professor ; English • 10. French ; history • 11. he ; High School • 12. Uncle ; all-American • 13. Boy Scout ; Milky Way • 14. in ; and • 15. room ; Science Building

11. Common noun writing mistake #2: Making nouns possessive Making nouns possessive When we want to show that someone owns something, we use possesive nouns. The nose of Mary = Mary's nose The toes of Gary = Gary's toes To make a noun possessive, usually add an apostrophe and s. NounPossessive JuanitaJuanita's cat catthe cat's tail BorisBoris's mustache

12. Common noun writing mistake #2: Making nouns possessive Although this is generally pretty easy, remember if two people own the same thing, use an apostrophe and s for only the second person. Adam and Debbie's marriage (they share one marriage) Tony and Tina's father (they share one father) Also, if the two people don't own the same thing, use an apostrophe and s for both. Adam's and Debbie's toes (they don't share the same toes) Tony's and Tina's teeth (they don't share the same teeth)

13. Showing possession when the noun is plural If the plural ends in s (for example, boys) just add an apostrophe. If the plural does not end in s (for example, women) add apostrophe and a s. One person, one itemtwo people, two items the boy's jacketthe boys' jackets my boss's hatmy bosses' hats the child's toythe children's toys my parent's carmy parents' cars the woman's dressthe women's dresses two month's vacationtwo months' vacation

14. Why do we want to show possessive, and how do you show possessive on a noun? What happens if two people own the same thing, how do you show possessive? Give an example not already given. How do you show possessive if two poeple don't own the same thing? Give an example not already given. Showing possession when the noun is plural. Explain how that is done.

15. Usually add s: • Wave- • Hat - • If the word ends in o, usually add es: • Hero - • Potato - • If the word ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, add es: • Glass - • Church - • Box - • Bush - • If the word ends in y and there's a vowel (a, e, I, o, or u) • before the y, as s: • Play - • Monkey - • If the word ends in y and there's a consonant before the y, • change the y to I and add es: • party - • candy -

16. If a proper noun ends in Y, just add s: the Kennedy family - the the Finley family - the If a compound noun (a noun containing more than one word) has a main noun in it, add the s to the main noun: one father-in-law, but two one chief of police, but two If a compound noun has no main noun in it, add the s at the end: one follow -up, but two one trade-in, but two IN CLASS PRACTICE: With a partner complete the Possessive Forms Worksheet 1

17. Making nouns plural One book, two books: one hat, two hats -- what's the big deal? We make words plural all the time. So you think plurals are a piece of cake? Most are, but look at some of these troublemakers: if it'shouse- houses why is it mouse - mice if it'sbox - boxes why is it ox - oxen if it'ssafe - safes why is it knife - knives if it'shero - heroes why is it banjo - banjos Go figurefoot - feet child - children tooth - teeth man - men woman - women if it'scupful - cupfuls why is it passerby - passersby

18. Singular possessivePluralPlural possessive 1. lady 2. child 3. sister-in-law 4. Jones 5. monkey 6. Betty 7. baby 8. mouse 9. person

19. Singular possessivePluralPlural possessive 10. sheep 11. deer 12. bystander 13. Jerry 14. goose 15. potato 16. duty 17. postman 18. hero