Human A & P

1. Human A & P Bone Structure and Function

2. I. Introduction to The Skeletal System A. Background information about the skeletal system: 1. The skeletal system includes the entire framework of ____________ and their _____________. 2. Each bone is considered to be an ___________. Bones Cartilage organ

3. connective matrix Crystallized Minerals 3. Bone tissue is a __________________ tissue. a. The _______________ is: i. _________________________ - to provide hardness ii. ______________ - to provide some flexibility. iii. _____________ Collagen fibers Water

4. 3 Osteoblasts b. The ______ kinds of cells of bone tissue and their functions: i. ________________ - bone building cells which produce the matrix. (modified fibroblasts). This process is called _________________________. ii. ________________- matured bone cells that develop from osteoblasts, which help to maintain bone _________________. (take in nutrients and release wastes). Bone formation Osteocytes metabolism

5. Osteoclasts iii. ______________________- (modified macrophage) huge cells made from 50+ WBCs that produce lysosomal enzymes & acids to break down bone matrix. This is a process called __________________. resorption

6. Long Bone II. Gross Anatomy of Bone A. Classification of bones based on shape 1. _______________- greater in length than in width. Ex – 2. _______________- nearly equal in length and width Ex - Femur, tibia, ulna, humerus, phalanges Short Bone Wrist, & ankle bones

7. Flat Bone Ribs, cranium, sternum, shoulder blades 3. ________________ - thin and flat Ex – 4. _________________- complex shapes that do not fit other categories. Ex - Irregular Bone Vertebra, pelvis, some facial bones

9. B. Macroscopic Structure of Bone 1. gross view of outside of bone

10. epiphysis _____________________- end of bone epiphysis _____________________- end of bone

11. _____________________- main middle portion of the bone. Diaphysis

12. _______________ - region in mature bone where diaphysis meets epiphysis metaphysis Metaphysis

13. _____________________- thin layer of cartilage over the epiphysis where the bone connects with another bone. It has two features: 1. ________________ & protects the ends of bone. 2. _________________ability to repair itself. Why???? Articular Cartilage cushions limited Articular Cartilage

14. 2. gross view of the inside of the bone

15. Epiphyseal Plate _____________________- a layer of cartilage in growing bone where the diaphysis can grow in __________. - when the bone stops growing in length, bone will replace the cartilage and become the _____________________________. LENGTH Epiphyseal Line

16. Red bone marrow Site of _______________________ in babies and adults which is where blood cell production occurs.

17. Spongy Bone _____________________- looks like a network of bone with marrow in between.

18. _____________________- single layer of bone-forming cells membrane that lines the inside of the medullary cavity. Endosteum

19. Compact Bone _____________________- dense bone that serves to protect and support.

20. _____________________- dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bone where articular cartilage is absent. Serves the following functions: 1.____________ the bone & assists in fracture repair. 2. ____________ point for ligaments & tendons. 3. _____________ & thickens the bone. BUT DOES NOT LENGTHEN! 4. _______________ bone tissue. ACRONYM HELP – P.A.W.N. Periosteum Protects Attachment Widens Nourishes

21. Medullary Cavity _____________________- contains __________________ in babies, but as we age, this marrow becomes __________________ as adults which acts as fat storage. Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow

22. _____________________- transports nutrients and waste into & out of bone. (This is how breaking one’s “femur” could be a life-threatening, blood loss situation). Nutrient Artery

24. III. Microanatomy of Compact and Spongy Bone

25. Haversian System ___________________- units that compact bone are arranged in. (also called ____________.) osteons A. Anatomy of both types of bones. 1. Compact bone Circumferential Lamellae Blood vessels

26. Concentric Lamellae ___________________- rings of hard, calcified matrix around the Haversian canal. Circumferential Lamellae Blood vessels

27. Circumferential Lamellae Circumferential Lamellae Haversian Canal _________________- central canal in the osteon that contains: ___________________________________. Blood vessels Nerves, lymph & blood vessels

28. Circumferential Lamellae Circumferential Lamellae Perforating Canal _________________- Leads to the periosteum Blood vessels

29. Concentric Lamellae Compact Bone (continued)

30. Osteocyte ______________- the bone cell.

31. Lacunae ______________- (“small lake”) – small space that holds the osteocyte.

32. Canaliculi __________________- small channels filled with extracellular fluid which connects lacunae w/ each other and Haversian canal

33. Haversian Canal

34. 2. Spongy Bone Space for ___________ bone marrow. Red

35. Trabeculae _______________- a network of thin columns of bone.

36. Lacuna

37. Concentric Lamellae

38. Canaliculi

39. Osteoblasts ____________- fiber makers

40. _______________- microbe killers Osteoclasts

41. ____________- bone “maintainers” Osteocyte

42. B. Differences between compact and spongy bone: 1. anatomical differences of each type: a. __________________ with Haversian canals are unique to compact bone. b. ___________________ are unique to spongy bone. Osteons Trabeculae

43. 2. Location of each type in the body: a. COMPACT bone is found in the ________________ of long bones. b. SPONGY bone is found in: i. the _______________ and near the _____________________ of long bone. ii. Makes up most of: ___________ __________________________. Diaphysis epiphysis Medullary cavity flat, short & irregular

45. lighter 3. Density differences of each type: a. Spongy bone is _______________ with empty spaces in between for red bone marrow to fill. b. Compact bone is ____________ packed with few spaces in between cells & ___________. tightly matrix

46. hemopoiesis Blood Cell Production III. Physiological Features of Bone Tissue • Main Functions of the Bones & Skeletal System: (Quick Glance) 1. ___________________or _______________ - occurs in ___________________ only. 2. __________ - provides a framework for muscles to attach to. 3. __________________ (detailed later) 4. _____________________ - works with muscles 5. __________ heart & other internal organs 6. _____________________________ in yellow bone marrow. Acronym help: BS MA PhD Red bone marrow Support Mineral Homeostasis Assists In Movement Protects Deposits & stores adipose tissue

47. the process of bone formation B. Bone formation & ossification 1. Definition of ossification: _____________ _________________________________ 2. When does ossification occur? a. begins about the ________ week of embryonic life and continues into ___________ (ages18-25). 6th adulthood

48. Intramembraneous 3. Two methods of ossification: a. _________________________- bone forms directly on or in loose fibrous connective tissue. i. Where does this occur? 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ Flat bones of skull Mandible (lower jaw)

49. Endochondral MOST BONES b. ____________________- bone forms within the cartilage. ____________________ in the body form this way.

50. Development of the Cartilage Model 4. Process of endochondral ossification: STEP #1:________________________________ mesenchymal a). fetal _______________ cells crowd together in the shape of a future bone. (mesenchymal cells are embryonic tissue cells from which ALL connective tissue arises.)