Waste management

1. Waste management Prerna Pritam Priyanshi Rahul

2. What are Wastes? Basel Convention Definition of Wastes “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law” Disposal means “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”

3. Kinds of Wastes Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Liquid Wastes:wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

4. Classification of Wastes according to their Properties Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others)

5. Classification of Wastes according totheir Effects on Human Health and the Environment Hazardous wastes Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

6. Sources of Wastes Households Commerce and Industry

7. Sources of Wastes Agriculture Fisheries

8. Waste Generation by Country(Global Waste Survey Final Report Published by IMO 1995)* *

9. EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY • Affects our health • Affects our socio-economic conditions • Affects our coastal and marine environment • Affects our climate

10. Effects of Wastes • Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere: • Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). • CO2 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste. • CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. • NO2 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.

11. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE • 5R WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY • REDUCE • REUSE • RECYCLE • RECOVER • RESIDUAL DISPOSAL

12. REDUCE Tips and ideas to reduce waste • Buy in bulk to reduce packaging.   • Take a reusable shopping bag with you so you don't have to use a paper or plastic bag from the shop.   • Choose products that use less packaging.    • Think before you shop. Can any of the disposable items you buy be replaced with reusable ones?    • Say “no” to a plastic shopping bag when you only have a couple of items.   • Stick a "no junk mail" sign on your letter box.     • Take lunch to work or school in a reusable container.

13. REUSE Practical ways to reuse waste at home • Take unwanted toys and books to hospitals, early childhood education centres or schools.  • Give unwanted clothes to opportunity shops or used clothing bins.  • Use empty plastic packaging containers for freezing or storing food items.  • Save wrapping paper and boxes to use again.  • Use old jars for storage or for homemade jam or preserves.  • Take old magazines to your local doctors' or dentists’ surgery.  • Shop at second hand stores or use trading websites and classifieds to purchase items that are unwanted by others.  • Donate household items or shop at your council’s resource recovery centre.

14. Practical ways to reuse waste at work • Donate old computers to schools or community education centres.  • Use waste packaging on inward goods e.g. boxes and wooden pallets, for storing materials or for dispatching your own product.    • Make memo pads out of waste paper.    • Re-use envelopes - purchase reuse labels.    • Use second hand stores, trading websites and classifieds to buy and sell used items. 

15. RECYCLE • WHAT CAN BE RECYCLED • Main products that can be recycled are paper and cardboard, glass, aluminium, tin and plastic containers. • “Closing the loop”

16. RECOVER • Recovery is a means of recovering energy or materials, without any pre-processing, from wastes that cannot be used for something else. • Waste oils that cannot be refined for reuse are used in furnaces. Recovering the energy from waste oil reduces our dependence on coal and imported oil.

17. RESIDUAL MANAGEMENT • Residual management is the final treatment and/or disposal of a waste that cannot be used in any other way. • Residual management of solid waste is normally disposal within a landfill.  • Residual disposal of liquid waste is normally into a sewer or septic tank. • Waste not disposed of correctly can cause adverse health and environmental effects.

18. SOME MEASURES - Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy of making training manuals and personnel information available electronically. - Improve product design to use less materials. - Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength. - Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program. - Switch to reusable transport containers. - Purchase products in bulk.

19. - Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper. - Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses. - Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments. - Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.

20. Gasification • Convert any waste through partial oxidation with air into SynGas ,A clean-burning fuel - a mixture of combustible gases (CO, H2, CO2, H20, N2 and some HC) • Not Incineration or mass burn • Easier and cheaper to clean off-gas or SynGas • Gas volumes are very low compared to incineration, makes gas cleanup easier & less capital requirement • SynGas allows multiple use for energy - easily piped for combustion or other thermal process • Practical and economical even at small scale of operation

21. Gasification Process

22. ORGANIZATIONS IN INDIA WORKING FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT • National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI) • Leading, professional, non-profit organization • Identified by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) • Formed on Jan 25, 1996 • Member of International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), Copenhagen

23. TOP 5 COMPANIES IN INDIA WORKING FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT • 1 Thermax • Global solution providers in energy & environment engineering; offers products & services in heating, cooling, waste heat recovery, captive power, water treatment & recycling, waste management & performance chemicals; based in Pune. • 2 Electrosteel Castings Ltd • Manufacturers & exporters of ductile iron pipes, fittings & special products based in Kolkata; also provides turnkey solutions for water supply & sewerage systems; has branches in Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Singapore etc  

24. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EMS What is an EMS? An EMS is a formal set of policies and procedures that define how an organization will evaluate, manage, and track its environmental impact. It follows the basic model: Plan > Do > Check > Act This facilitates cost-effective environmental performance by defining and continuously improving the process and actions that an organization undertakes to meet its environmental goals.

25. EMS Development • A Policy Statement that communicates an organization’s environmental priorities to employees. • Managerial endorsement of the policy statement demonstrates the organization’s commitment to the effort and willingness to allocate resources for implementation. • Once a policy statement is in place, the organization implements it following the model.

26. Stages in the Implementation of EMS 1. Plan Identify all environmental aspects: any environmental or health and safety impacts resulting from activities and services. The organization then evaluates each aspect according to a variety of criteria: • understanding of eco-ethics • environmental and health effects • economic impacts • liabilities After establishing a complete list of significant aspects, the organization sets environmental goals and develops a plan to achieve those goals.

27. 2. Do The ‘do-phase’ of the model involves implementation of the environmental plan through employee training and establishment of operation controls. • Check Evaluates progress toward meeting program goals through ongoing monitoring and measuring and periodic EMS audits. • Act Involves taking corrective action to update and improve the environmental plan. For example, if an organization makes significant progress on one environmental aspect, another environmental aspect will replace it on the priority list.

28. Why Should an Organization Adopt an EMS? 1. Improve environmental performance It helps monitor energy and water conservation, resource efficiencies, and pollution prevention. 2. Better regulatory compliance Increase regulatory compliance which is especially important for organizations that spend time and resources with regulatory violations. 3. Certification and recognition EMS implementation can enhance an organization’s image and improve public community relations.

29. Principles of an Effective EMS For better environmental and overall organizational performance, an EMS should: 1.Focus on continual improvement 2. Serve the organization and its mission 3. Receive top management support 4. Remain dynamic and flexible 5. Fit the culture of the organization 6. Represent employees and their actions 7. Establish employees awareness and involvement

30. Case Study • The Ahmedabad-Vadodara-Surat industrial belt has over 2000 industrial units in the organized sector and more than 63000 small scale units manufacturing chemicals. They dump their waste within 2 Km radius. As a result nearly 1800 tonnes of hazardous wastes dump every month near the banks of Damon Ganga. • And also in Thane-Belapur industrial area everyday around 100 tonnes of solid wastes have been dumped. • Recently KeralaGovt impose a fine around Rs 214 Crores on CocaCola for polluting water and local environment.