US History Midterm Exam Review

1. US History Midterm Exam Review Coach Martin

2. Monday, January 6, 2014 • Lincoln/Mandela Essay due tomorrow • Counts as project (major) grade • Bell Ringer = Blue Book • p. 25-27 (1-11) • Yes, you have done this before, that is why we call it a review!!! • Make up/late work by Friday.

3. 1.1: Columbian Exchange • Transfer of goods, ideas, germs between Old & New Worlds • Many new crops intro’d to Europe • Many new germs intro’d to New World

4. 1.1: Regions • New England: CT, MA, NH, RI • Middle: DE,NY, NJ, PA • Southern: GA, MD, NC, SC, VA

5. 1.1: New England • Came for religious tolerance, but did not practice it • Social classes developed, organized life • Boys went to school • Fishing/whaling, shipbuilding, small farms • Big thing is trade: Boston Harbor

6. 1.1: Middle • Many Quakers, religious tolerance, except for Jew • Public schools for boys • Socially like NE, but more large cities due to good harbors for trade

7. 1.1: Southern • Anglican religion remained • Classes develop with slaves, indentured servants, poor farmers, and plantation owners • Private tutors came to homes of wealthy • Cash crops were focus of economy based on slave labor

8. 1.1: Types of Colonies • Charter: often owned by joint-stock company, purpose to make $: VA, MD, GA, PA • Proprietary: governed by an owner or group of owners selected by the king: NY, SC, NC • Royal: under direct control of king/queen: most were by early/mid 1700s

9. 1.2: Origins of Law & Rights • Ideas from England • Magna Carta (1215): citizens could question taxes; right to jury trial • English Bill of Rights (1689): monarch can’t suspend Parliament, collect taxes w/o permission; protected freedom of speech • Rule of law: everyone must obey laws

10. 1.2: First Forms of America Gov’t. • VA House of Burgesses, Mayflower Compact, Town Meetings • Salutary Neglect- Britain ignored the colonies for a time & the colonial legislatures grew in power • French & Indian War (1756-63) led to British heavily taxing colonists, colonists resent

11. 1.2: Results of the War • Navigation Acts enforced; taxes collected directly by Parliament • Stamp Act (boycotts effective), Townshend Acts, Tea Act, Proclamation of 1763, Quartering Act followed • Led to est. of Sons & Daughters of Liberty, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts came due to the Tea Party

12. 1.2: The Colonies Unite • Felt rights as Englishmen being violated; “No Taxation Without Representation” • 1st Continental Congress: delegates in Philadelphia, Sept. 1774; supported protests in MA; vowed force if Britain attacked • Lexington & Concord: April 1775; British trying to take our ammunition; also hunting Sons of Lib. leaders, S. Adams & J. Hancock; 1st battle of Revolution • 2nd Continental Congress: May 1775; divided by loyalties; organized Continental army & named G. Washington commander

13. 1.3: Declaration of Independence • written primarily by Thomas Jefferson • issued July 4, 1776 • Preamble: explains why we’re fighting • Body: outlines beliefs on govt; unalienable rights; ppl can alter or abolish abusive govt; “We hold these truths to be self-evident…” • Grievances: complaints against King George III

14. 1. 3: What it Meant • we could form alliances; France jumps first after Battle of Saratoga (turning point in war) • Spain helped, too • Battle of Yorktown (1781): in VA; end of war; Gen. Cornwallis surrendered to GW • inspired revolutions worldwide (France, Latin America) • set up new govt. under Articles of Confederation

15. 1.4: Articles of Confederation • Established framework for government • fed. govt. could make war & peace, sign treaties • no chief executive • no power to enforce treaties • no federal Indian policy • no federal taxes • no federal trade policies • control prices • no fed. courts

16. 1.4: Other Difficulties • 9 states had to approve most laws • unanimous approval for amendments • Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-87; 1,200 farmers protested foreclosures; tried to keep courts closed to keep farms; militia called out • cracks in system beginning to show in just 5 years

17. 1.5: Constitutional Convention • RI didn’t come; had to write something new, amending the Articles had to be unanimous • James Madison called “Father of the Constitution”; came w/a plan (VA Plan) • GW elected pres. of convention; B. Franklin, J. Adams there, too - TJ in France • Great Compromise: bicameral (2 houses) each state gets 2 votes in Senate & rep. in House is based on population • 3/5ths Compromise: slaves count as 3/5ths • compromise on electing president (electoral college)

18. 1.5: Structure of the Constitution • Preamble: “We the people…”; sets out 6 goals: • More to come • Articles: 7; set framework for government • I: Legislative Branch • II: Executive Branch • III: Judicial Branch • IV: Relations Among States • V:Amending process • VI: National Supremacy • VII: Ratification

19. 1.5: 5 Principles of the Constitution • Separation of Powers: establishes 3 branches of govt. • Checks & Balances: keeps one branch from getting more powerful than the others • Federalism: sets up levels of govt (federal, state, local) • Popular Sovereignty: the people have a voice • Limited Power of Govt:everyone follows the rules

20. 1.5: Ratification Debate • Federalists for Constitution • Anti-Federalists against the Constitution; wanted a bill of rights • The Federalist Papers: written by J. Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay; leading Federalists; published in newspapers anonymously; supported by T. Jefferson; written to persuade states to ratify Constitution • Add Bill of Rights to get it passed

21. 1.6: Washington’s Presidency • needed advisers; est. cabinet w/3 departments—War, State, Treasury • Sec. of State, Jefferson @ odds w/Sec. of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton • led to development of political parties; Democratic-Republicans & Federalists • GW against political parties

22. 1.6: Political Parties • Hamilton led Federalists; appealed to rich, well-educated • loose-constructionists& stronger central gov’t • Jefferson led Democratic-Republicans; appealed to common people, concerned with farmers • strict constructionists & stronger state gov’t

23. 1.6: War Debts Resolved • funding approved, state debts assumed • nation’s capital moved to District of Columbia from Philadelphia to quiet the South • Hamilton wanted national bank to manage finances; creates deeper rift w/Jefferson

24. 1.6: Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton: excise (sales) tax on whiskey needed to raise $$ & control people • Jefferson: excise tax would hurt farmers farmers in western PA rose up; 1st major crisis for GW; put down w/militia • showed split between parties

25. 1.7: President Jefferson (1801-09) • bitter election in 1800 • much less formal than predecessors • reduced taxes, size of govt., cut military • Marbury v. Madison (1803) established judicial review

26. 1.7: War of 1812 • James Madison elected 1808 & 1812; war called “2nd War for Independence” • military unprepared (too small) failed invasions of Canada; lost, then retook Detroit • British invaded DC; burned White House • British moved on to Baltimore; fight for Ft. McHenry Battle of New Orleans: January 1815; after the war ended; made a hero of Andrew Jackson

27. Tuesday, January 7, 2014 • Pass up Essay! • Blue Book Assignment/Turn In As You Leave • p. 45-47 (1-10), p. 55-56 (1-10), p. 70-73 (1-13) • Exam Review Power Point is on my website. • Your Standard 4 Test Grade is on the portal. If you want to get it from me, see me on your way out.

28. 2.1-2.2: Pres. James Monroe • 1817-25, “Era of Good Feelings”, strong nationalism • issued Monroe Doctrine, foreign policy • 4 parts: Europe will stay out of W. Hemisphere business; Eur. will not create new colonies in W.H.; US will stay out of Eur. business; US will not bother existing colonies

29. 2.1-2.2: LA Purchase • 1803, Jefferson bought from France • wanted New Orleans for shipping • explored by Lewis & Clark (& Sacajawea)

30. 2.1-2.2: Andrew Jackson • 1829-37; lost to JQA in 1824 & vowed revenge • expanded suffrage; sealed his victory • founded modern Democratic Party • Cherokees: forcibly moved out of GA on Trail of Tears

31. 2.1-2.2: James K. Polk • all about expansion • won on slogan of “54o40’ or fight!” • Manifest Destiny, America’s God given right and duty to take over country • TX independent in 1836, TX annexed 1845 by Congressional resolution • border dispute led to Mexican War in 1846; Polk wanted land • US wins; Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) gives us land in US southwest; we give Mexico $15 million

32. 2.3: Sectionalism • North: interchangeable parts & cotton gin; allows for mass production, became based in factories, esp. textile mills • South: made tons of money in cash crops • cotton gin: invented 1793; creates more demand for cotton; slavery entrenched • West: like South

33. 2.3: The American System • by Henry Clay to unite sections & stabilize economy • 3 points: develop transportation systems; protective tariff; bring back national bank • sections would support each other with goods moved along railroads, canals, improved roads using national currency

34. 2.3: Money Issues • Tariff of 1816: needed to boost American industry; British goods much cheaper w/o it; North liked it; South not so much • 2nd Bank of US: national currency made trade easier

35. 2.4: Abolitionists • Great Awakening: religious revival movement, early 1800s, contributed to reform movements • abolitionist movement first among Quakers • published newspapers, organized anti-slavery conventions, wrote books, helped slaves escape (Underground Railroad), led rebellions

36. 2.4: Anti-Abolitionists • Increased slave owner resolve to justify their culture, further divided the nation • South said slaves were better off than workers in N, most northerners not abolitionists • Abolition not effective until controversy over expansion led to political confrontation

37. Bell Ringer for Wed. 1/8/14 • Blue Book Assignment • p. 86-88 (1-11), p. 101-104 (1-12)

38. 3.1: Missouri Compromise • North: large immigrant pop.; feared spread of slavery b/c competed w/free labor • South: little change in population, habits, economy, beliefs • House wanted slaves to be freed gradually; South blocked it in Senate • in 1818 US had 10 free & 10 slave states • IL admitted free, AL slave

39. 3.1: Missouri Compromise • MO would upset balance; South felt way of life threatened • secession & war threatened • Henry Clay created The Compromise : 1820 • ME admitted free, MO admitted slave; LA Territory divided @ 36o30’ line of latitude; north (except MO) closed to slavery; south open to slavery

40. 3.1: Compromise of 1850 • slavery still dividing the nation; CA ready to be admitted • Henry Clay creates this deal in 4 parts: 1. CA admitted as a free state 2. Mexican Cession divided & slavery left to pop. sov. 3. slave trade banned in Washington, DC 4. harsher Fugitive Slave Law

41. 3.1 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • proposed by Stephen A. Douglas • the act: divided into 2 territories; slavery decided by pop. sov. • results: pro-slavery gps. AND abolitionists rushed in; both gps. created constitutions; many fights (Bleeding Kansas)

42. 3.1: Issues on Slavery • Uncle Tom’s Cabin published 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe, made slavery everyone’s problem • Dred Scot v. Sanford: 1857 • Scott traveled w/master to free territory; sued for freedom when master died • Supreme Court Decision: slaves not citizens, so cannot bring ct. case; Congress can’t govern slavery in the territories (undid MO Comp.) • John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry to start slave revolt again put slavery in front of everyone

43. 3.2: Civil War • Lincoln elected Pres. In 1860, secession begins w/SC in December . Jefferson Davis elected President of Confederate States of America • capital at Richmond, VA; believed they were a new country • 1st shots Ft. Sumter in Charleston, SC • Anaconda Plan: Union; blockade ports, capture MS River to divide CSA, capture Richmond • North: majority of factories, population, railroads; good political leadership (Lincoln) • South: good military leaders (R. E. Lee, T. Jackson; desire to win; foreign allies

44. 3.2: Civil War • 1stBull Run: in VA; exposed Union weaknesses & proved war will not be quick; 1st win for South • Thomas J. Jackson held tough through a Union bombardment and eventually gained the upper hand; “There is Jackson standing like a stone wall” • 2nd Bull Run: Robert E. Lee was more willing to go beyond traditional military tactics to win a battle. His armies won a resounding victory and marched on toward Washington D.C.

45. 3.2: Civil War • Antietam: bloodiest single day US history • Gettysburg: bad loss for South, Lee gives up hope of invading North • Vicksburg: Grant wins, becomes general over all Union armies • Sherman leads march through the South • Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 • Lee surrenders to Grant @ Appomattox Courthouse, April 9, 1865 • Lincoln was generous to the south, giving many pardons

46. 3.3: Reconstruction • 10%: Lincoln, pardon all Confederates swearing allegiance to Union, once 10% of 1860 voters swore loyalty, new state govt. & constitution could be formed • Presidential: Andrew Johnson, basically same as 10%, ratify 13thAmendment, former wealthy landowners & high-ranking officials could not take oath • Congressional:Radicals in Congress; Reconstruction Act of 1867, no govts. formed under Lincoln & Johnson plans recognized • divided South into 5 military districts • voters elect delegates to state conventions to draw up new constitutions that allowed black men right to vote & ratified 14th Amendment

47. 3.3: Reconstruction • 13th: ratified 12/6/1865; abolished slavery • 14th: ratified 7/9/1868; defines citizenship regardless of race, creed, etc. • 15th: ratified 2/3/1870; extended suffrage to black men; change is now required but comes slowly • Carpetbagger: northerner goes S, most looking to make $, some corrupt • Scalawag: southerners who support reconstruction • KKK: used force/intimidation to keep blacks from getting rights

48. 3.4 Reconstruction • King cotton dethroned tobacco • Some slaves left plantations, most stayed • sharecropping & crop lien system kept them in poverty (virtual slavery) • black codes restricted rights • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): court case that est. “separate but equal” • voting restrictions: literacy test, poll tax • grandfather clause helped poor whites vote

49. 3.4: Reconstruction • Pardoned whites returned to offices held by Republicans, white Democrats would run the government in the “Solid South” • Violence toward Blacks makes N think that the South will never change, what’s the point? • Election of 1876 Hayes (R-OH) vs. Tilden (D-NY) needed 1 electoral vote to win; 20 votes in dispute (FL, SC, LA) • Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction if he won (Compromise of 1877)

50. 3.5: African Americans Respond • Booker T. Washington: founded Tuskegee Institute, vocational training to AAs. • Tried to get jobs for former slaves ,“Atlanta Compromise” speech. he was willing to accept the second class citizenship in exchange for jobs that could decrease poverty. • WEB DuBois: born free in the N, PhD from Harvard • opposed Washington’s emphasis on vocational ed, argued all AAs should have any ed that fit their talents. • DuBois promoted “Talented Tenth”. Helped start NAACP & its publication, The Crisis.