Animals

1. Animals A group to group, system to system comparison.

2. Insects Grasshopper- fits into classification arthropod -exothermic -vegetarian diet

3. Annelids • Earth Worm • From Latin Annellus- “little ring” • Segmented worms • Eat particulate organic matter

4. Amphibians • Frog • exothermic • Primarily vegetarian first stage • Primarily carnivorous second stage

5. Mammals • Endothermic • Hair • Milk

6. Transport • How does this group of organisms approach circulation? • Open circulatory systems- vessels dump into open cavity and pressure pushes random liquid back to the heart • Closed circulatory systems- vessels carry medium throughout the body and back to heart

7. Insect Transport • Open circulatory system • Single contracting section of vessels serves as “heart” • Pumps hemolymph (like insect blood) into open cavity • Blood returns to vessels via cavity pressure

8. Annelid Transport • Closed Circulatory System • Blood carries gasses throughout the body. • Several single chamber, contractile swellings in the vessels serve as “heart.”

9. Amphibian Transport • 3- chambered heart • Mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated (oxygen rich and oxygen poor) blood is pumped back out to the body. R. Aorta L. Aorta Ventricle

10. Mammalian Transport Lungs • 4- chambered heart • Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate • Pumps only oxygenated to body • Pumps only deoxygenated to lungs

11. Excretion • Digestion of proteins (amino acids, NH2) yields excess Nitrogen. • All organisms must find a way to get rid of excess Nitrogen. • Nitrogen is excreted as urea, uric acid, and/ or urine by different organisms all trying to get rid of nitrogen and conserve water.

12. Insect Excretion • Malpighian tubules -gather water, potassium ions, and dilute urine components • Drains pre- urine into intestines

13. Insect Excretion

14. Insect Excretion Malpighian Tubules Intestine

15. Annelid Excretion • Use nephridia to concentrate urine and conserve water • 2 nephridia on nearly every body segment • A nephridium (singular) has its own bladder and exits directly through the skin.

16. Annelid Excretion Nephridium

17. Annelid Excretion

18. Amphibious Excretion • Primitive kidney functions in excreting excess water taken in through the skin and excess N • Cloaca- single posterior opening that serves as the only opening for intestinal and urinary tracts • Kidney adjusts urine concentration depending on amount of internal water. • Nephrons in kidney filter water and waste from blood • Urine passes from kidney to bladder to cloaca

19. Amphibious Excretion Nephron To cloaca

20. Amphibious Excretion Cloaca

21. Mammalian Excretion • Modern kidney can conserve water or excrete excess • Excretes salts, ions, and nitrogen • Urine can be extra concentrated by additional loops in the nephrons • Loop of Henle allows for extra water conservation • Urine stored in bladder until exit via urethra

22. Mammalian Excretion

23. Mammalian Excretion

24. Respiration • How does O2 get in and CO2 get out? • On what part of the body does gas exchange take place? • What organs does each group use?

25. Insect Respiration • Tracheal tubes pass through the exoskeleton and carry oxygen throughout the body. • Spiracles are the holes through which gasses move. • Generally a passive process of air movement. • In larger insects, (grasshopper) muscle activity helps pumping and creates air movement.

26. Insect Respiration

27. Insect Respiration

28. Annelid Respiration • Annelids do respiration across the moist membranes of their skin. • Their respiration method is called diffusion. • Handy, but it has drawbacks • Too wet- they drown • Too dry- they suffocate

29. Annelid Respiration

30. Amphibian Respiration • Poor blood/gas transport makes skin gas exchange important. • Moist skin exchanges gases all over the body and diffuses into vessels • Again, handy, but problematic • Amphibians are highly susceptible to water pollution because of their skin diffusion

31. Amphibian Respiration Polluted water diffusion

32. Mammal Respiration • Diaphragm assists lungs • Accessory muscles assist lungs • No gas exchange takes place through skin

33. I know, not a mammal. Mammal Respiration

34. Digestion • Putting food into the body • Passing indigestible parts of foods from the body • Getting nutrients and water from the food, and keeping them in the body when the indigestibles leave

35. Insect Digestion • Complete system with digestive enzymes • Pharynx sucks and swallows • Crop holds it for later digestion • Gizzard grinds or sort of “chews” food • Intestines absorb and pass remaining indigestible parts

36. Insect Digestion

37. Annelid Digestion • Crop holds for later • Gizzard grinds food with hard little indigestible particles to make it smaller • They eat soil and digest the organic particles found in it

38. Annelid Digestion

39. Amphibian Digestion • Digestive tract with gall bladder and liver enzymes • Digest much like mammals • Exits via the cloaca • Cloaca- single posterior opening that serves as the only opening for intestinal and urinary tracts

40. Amphibian Digestion

41. Mammalian Digestion • Complete digestive tract exits via anus

42. Reproduction • Strategies for making babies… • Internal fertilization- egg is inside the body and sperm enters to join • External fertilization- egg is released from the body to meet sperm in outside world • Parthenogenesis- ability to asexually produce offspring from unfertilized egg

43. Insect Reproduction • VERY DIVERSE! • Usually sexual with internal fertilization • Eggs are laid once fertilized • May undergo parthenogenesis if no mate is available to fertilize the egg

44. Insect Reproduction Laying eggs Internal fertilization

45. Annelid Reproduction • Hermaphrodites- each one produces both eggs and sperm, but does not self-fertilize • In mating, each worm donates sperm to the other • Both worms can then become pregnant • Once fertilized, they lay eggs

46. Annelid Reproduction

47. Amphibian Reproduction • External Fertilization in water as a transport medium for sperm • Animals mount, and both release into the water • Eggs lack protective coats • Some parthenogenesis can take place when mates are scarce.

48. Amphibian Reproduction

49. Mammal Reproduction • Internal fertilization • Attachment of fertilized egg to placenta • Live birth • Milk-nursing

50. Mammalian Reproduction Fertilized egg dividing by mitosis, attached to uterine wall Ectopic pregnancy, egg attached to place besides uterus.