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Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology. Chapter 3. Cellular Adaptation. Physiologic (adaptive) vs. pathogenic Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia. Cellular Adaptation (cont’d). Cellular Adaptation (cont’d). Cellular Injury. Reversible Irreversible.

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Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

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  1. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Chapter 3

  2. Cellular Adaptation Physiologic (adaptive) vs. pathogenic Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia

  3. Cellular Adaptation (cont’d)

  4. Cellular Adaptation (cont’d)

  5. Cellular Injury Reversible Irreversible

  6. Cellular Injury (cont’d)

  7. Cellular Injury Mechanisms Hypoxic injury Ischemia Anoxia Cellular responses: Decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange Cellular swelling Vacuolation Reperfusion injury

  8. Cellular Injury Mechanisms (cont’d)

  9. Cellular Injury Mechanisms (cont’d) Free radicals and reactive oxygen species Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage: Lipid peroxidation Alteration of proteins Alteration of DNA Mitochondrial damage

  10. Reactive Oxygen Species

  11. Cellular Injury Mechanisms Chemical injury Carbon tetrachloride Lead Carbon monoxide Ethanol Mercury Social or street drugs (see table 3-6)

  12. Chemical Injury

  13. Metabolism of Alcohol

  14. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Blunt force injuries: Application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues Contusion vs. hematoma Abrasion Laceration Fractures

  15. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries (cont’d) Sharp injuries: Incised wounds Stab wounds Puncture wounds Chopping wounds

  16. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries (cont’d) Gunshot wounds: KE = ½ MV2 Entrance wounds: Contact range entrance wound Blow-back and muzzle imprint Intermediate range entrance wound Tattooing and stippling Indeterminate range entrance wound Exit wounds Shored exit wound

  17. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries (cont’d) Asphyxial injuries: Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen Suffocation Choking asphyxiation Strangulation Hanging, ligature, and manual strangulation Chemical asphyxiants Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide Drowning

  18. Infectious Injury Pathogenicity of a microorganism Disease-producing potential Invasion and destruction Toxin production Production of hypersensitivity reactions

  19. Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury Phagocytic cells Immune and inflammatory substances Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and proteases Membrane alterations

  20. Manifestations of Cellular Injury Cellular accumulations (infiltrations): Water Lipids and carbohydrates Glycogen Proteins

  21. Hydropic Degeneration

  22. Manifestations of Cellular Injury Cellular accumulations (infiltrations): Pigments Melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin Calcium Urate System manifestations (see table 3-11)

  23. Manifestations of Cellular Injury (cont’d)

  24. Calcium Infiltration

  25. Cellular Death Necrosis Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion Processes Karyolysis Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis Pyknosis Clumping of the nucleus Karyorrhexis Fragmentation of the nucleus

  26. Coagulative Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands Protein denaturation

  27. Coagulative Necrosis (cont’d)

  28. Liquefactive Necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Neurons and glial cells of the brain Hydrolytic enzymes Bacterial infection Staphylococci, streptococci, and Escherichia coli

  29. Liquefactive Necrosis (cont’d)

  30. Caseous Necrosis Caseous necrosis Tuberculous pulmonary infection Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

  31. Caseous Necrosis (cont’d)

  32. Fat Necrosis Fat necrosis Breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs Action of lipases

  33. Fat Necrosis (cont’d)

  34. Gangrenous Necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury Dry vs. wet gangrene Gas gangrene Clostridium

  35. Gangrenous Necrosis (cont’d)

  36. Apoptosis Programmed cellular death Physiologic vs. pathologic

  37. Apoptosis vs. Necrosis

  38. Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Aging vs. disease Normal life span and life expectancy Degenerative extracellular changes

  39. Theories of Aging Accumulation of injurious events Genetically controlled program Theories: Genetic and environmental lifestyle factors Alterations of cellular control mechanisms Degenerative extracellular and vascular changes

  40. Aging Cellular aging Atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells Tissue and systemic aging Progressive stiffness and rigidity Sarcopenia Frailty Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density

  41. Somatic Death Death of an entire person Postmortem changes: Algor mortis Livor mortis Rigor mortis Postmortem autolysis

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