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Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology. Chapter 2. Cellular Adaptation. Physiologic vs. pathogenic Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia. Cellular Adaptation. Cellular Adaptation. Cellular Adaptation. Cellular Injury. Reversible Irreversible. Cellular Injury Mechanisms.

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Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

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  1. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Chapter 2

  2. Cellular Adaptation • Physiologic vs. pathogenic • Atrophy • Hypertrophy • Hyperplasia • Metaplasia • Dysplasia

  3. Cellular Adaptation

  4. Cellular Adaptation

  5. Cellular Adaptation

  6. Cellular Injury • Reversible • Irreversible

  7. Cellular Injury Mechanisms • Hypoxic injury • Ischemia • Anoxia • Cellular responses • Decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange • Cellular swelling • Reperfusion injury

  8. Cellular Injury Mechanisms • Free radicals and reactive oxygen species • Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron • Lipid peroxidation • Alteration of proteins • Alteration of DNA • Mechanisms for the inactivation of free radicals

  9. Cellular Injury Mechanisms • Chemical injury • Lead • Carbon monoxide • Ethanol • Mercury • Social or street drugs

  10. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries • Blunt force injuries • Application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues • Contusion vs. hematoma • Abrasion • Laceration • Fractures

  11. Contusions and Hematomas

  12. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries • Sharp force injuries • Incised wounds • Stab wounds • Puncture wounds • Chopping wounds

  13. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries

  14. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries • Gunshot wounds • Entrance wounds • Contact range entrance wound • Intermediate range entrance wound • Tattooing and stippling • Indeterminate range entrance wound • Exit wounds • Shored exit wound

  15. Gunshot Wounds

  16. Unintentional and Intentional Injuries • Asphyxial injuries • Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen • Suffocation • Strangulation • Hanging, ligature, and manual strangulation • Chemical asphyxiants • Drowning

  17. Infectious Injury • Pathogenicity of a microorganism • Virulence of a microorganism • Disease-producing potential • Invasion and destruction • Toxin production • Production of hypersensitivity reactions

  18. Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury • Phagocytic cells • Immune and inflammatory substances • Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and enzymes • Membrane alterations

  19. Injurious Genetic Factors • Nuclear alterations • Alterations in the plasma membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms • Examples • Sickle cell anemia and muscular dystrophy

  20. Injurious Nutritional Imbalances • Essential nutrients are required for cells to function normally • Deficient intake • Excessive intake

  21. Temperature Extremes • Hypothermic injury • Slows cellular metabolic processes • Hyperthermic injury • Heat cramps • Heat exhaustion • Heatstroke

  22. Atmospheric Pressure Changes • Sudden increases or decreases in atmospheric pressure • Blast injury • Decompression sickness or caisson disease • “The bends”

  23. Ionizing Radiation • Any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms • X-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta particles • Mechanism of damage • Effects of ionizing radiation

  24. Ionizing Radiation

  25. Cellular Injury • Illumination injury • Eyestrain, obscured vision, and cataract formation • Caused by light modulation • Mechanical stresses • Physical impact or irritation • Noise • Acoustic trauma and noise-induced hearing loss

  26. Manifestations of Cellular Injury • Cellular accumulations (infiltrations) • Water • Lipids and carbohydrates • Glycogen • Proteins

  27. Hydropic Degeneration

  28. Manifestations of Cellular Injury • Cellular accumulations (infiltrations) • Pigments • Melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin • Calcium • Urate

  29. Calcium Infiltration

  30. Cellular Death • Necrosis • Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion • Processes • Karyolysis • Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis • Pyknosis • Clumping of the nucleus • Karyorrhexis • Fragmentation of the nucleus

  31. Cellular Death

  32. Necrosis • Coagulative necrosis • Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands • Protein denaturation

  33. Coagulative Necrosis

  34. Necrosis • Liquefactive necrosis • Neurons and glial cells of the brain • Hydrolytic enzymes

  35. Liquefactive Necrosis

  36. Necrosis • Caseous necrosis • Tuberculous pulmonary infection • Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

  37. Caseous Necrosis

  38. Necrosis • Fat necrosis • Breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs • Action of lipases

  39. Fat Necrosis

  40. Necrosis • Gangrenous necrosis • Clinical term • Dry vs. wet gangrene • Gas gangrene

  41. Gangrenous Necrosis

  42. Apoptosis • Programmed cellular death • Mechanisms • Necrosis vs. apoptosis

  43. Apoptosis

  44. Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology • Aging vs. disease • Normal life span • Gender differences

  45. Theories of Aging • Accumulation of injurious events • Genetically controlled program • Theories • Genetic and environmental lifestyle factors • Alterations of cellular control mechanisms • Degenerative extracellular changes

  46. Theories of Aging

  47. Aging • Cellular aging • Tissue and systemic aging • Frailty

  48. Somatic Death • Death of an entire person • Postmortem changes • Algor mortis • Livor mortis • Rigor mortis • Postmortem autolysis

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