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Fungal Structures and Reproduction: A Comprehensive Overview

This article provides a detailed overview of fungal structures, including cell wall, nuclei, hyphae, mycelium, and reproductive structures. It also explores the process of sexual and asexual reproduction, including plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis. The text language is English.

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Fungal Structures and Reproduction: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. Fig. 31-1

  2. Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Fig. 31-3 Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha

  3. Reproductive structure Hyphae Fig. 31-2 Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium

  4. Hyphae Nematode 25 µm Fig. 31-4 (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Plant cell wall Fungal hypha Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Haustorium (b) Haustoria

  5. Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Fig. 31-19-4 Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n+n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n) Basidiospore 1 µm

  6. Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat Fig. 31-18 Puffballs emitting spores Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

  7. Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fig. 31-11 Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

  8. Fig. 31-11a Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species)

  9. Fig. 31-12 Flagellum 4 µm

  10. Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Fig. 31-13-4 Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Sporangia Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination Mycelium 50 µm

  11. Fig. 31-14 0.5 mm

  12. Fig. 31-15 2.5 µm

  13. Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Fig. 31-16

  14. Conidia; mating type (–) Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Fig. 31-17-4 Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Asci Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

  15. Fig. 31-20

  16. Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm

  17. Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth Fig. 31-26

  18. 10 µm Fig. 31-7 Parent cell Bud

  19.  Crustose (encrusting) lichens A fruticose (shrublike) lichen Fig. 31-23  A foliose (leaflike) lichen

  20. Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Fig. 31-24 Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae

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