Fig. 31-1

1. Honey Mushroom, Oregon, subterranean filaments =1,800 football fields Fig. 31-1 Ch. 31 Fungi

2. Multicellular Eukaryotes with few unicellular Heterotrophic by absorption Mostly decomposers but some parasites, mutualists, even predator Diverse habitats Characteristics of Fungi

3. Hyphae 25 µm Nematode Fig. 31-4a (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey

4. Structures Reproductive structure Hyphae Fig. 31-2 Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium = condensed network of hyphae

5. Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Fig. 31-3 Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha

6. Key Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) Fig. 31-5-3 KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Reproduction varies & is specific Spores animation

7. Penicillium, asexual structures called conidia Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm

8. Yeast reproduce asexually via budding 10 µm Fig. 31-7 Parent cell Bud

9. Origin of Fungi is unicellular flagellated protist. Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants that descended from algae. Animals (and their close protistan relatives) Fig. 31-8 UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED ANCESTOR Nucleariids Opisthokonts Chytrids Fungi Other fungi

10. 3 of 5 Fungi phyla are defined by fruiting body structure Fig. 31-UN1 Chytrids Zygomycetes = sphere shaped Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes = sac shaped Basidiomycetes = club shaped

11. Fig. 31-UN6

12. Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fig. 31-11b Bread Mold and other fungi that rot food are included with sphere shaped fruiting bodies called zygosporangia that hold spores.

13. Fig. 31-UN6b

14. Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Fig. 31-13-4 Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Sporangia Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination Mycelium 50 µm

15. Fig. 31-14 Note zygosporangia fruiting bodies 0.5 mm

16. Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Fig. 31-11d Cup fungi, morels and truffles are examples that hold spores in sac-like fruiting bodies called asci.

17. Fig. 31-UN6d

18. Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Fig. 31-16a

19. Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Fig. 31-16b

20. Conidia; mating type (–) Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Fig. 31-17-4 Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Asci Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

21. Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) Fig. 31-11e “Grocery store” mushrooms as well as shelf fungi, puffballs and fairy rings have fruiting bodies shaped like pedestals or clubs called basidia.

22. Fig. 31-UN6e

23. Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat Fig. 31-18a

24. Fig. 31-18b Puffballs emitting spores

25. Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood Fig. 31-18c

26. Fairy Ring – underground mycellium can grow 30 cm / yr. so giant rings are centuries old Fig. 31-20

27. Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Fig. 31-19-4 Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n+n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n) Basidiospore 1 µm

28. Nutrient cycling as decomposers (even jet fuel and house paint) Mutualistic relationship (so both benefit) w/ plants & is called mycchorhizae w/ animals usually to aide in digestion w/ algae or cyanobacteria called lichen Pathogenic – disease causing i.e. wheat rust & corn smut. Fungi Play Key Roles

29. Ants need fungi so they can digest leaves Fig. 31-22

30. > 13,500 lichen species exist  Crustose (encrusting) lichens A fruticose (shrublike) lichen Fig. 31-23  A foliose (leaflike) lichen

31. In lichen the alga contributes food and the fungus provides shade, moisture, minerals even toxins so alga is not eaten. Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Fig. 31-24 Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae

32. Pathogenic Fungi may be killed with fungicides Fig. 31-25 (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (a) Corn smut on corn (c) Ergots on rye

33. Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth Fig. 31-26

34. Food production – i.e. cheeses Food Fermentation – i.e. yeast Medical Value - to produce antibiotics & other drugs GMO to produce enzymes that genetically modified E. coli can not produce Yeast as a research specimen since easy to culture and to manipulate Practical Uses of Fungi