BELLWORK: Why did the Allies defeat Hitler?

1. BELLWORK: Why did the Allies defeat Hitler? Weakness of Axis Powers Strengths of Allied Powers

2. War in the Pacific Japan’s refusal to surrender

3. World War II in the Pacific • Japan forced soldiers from Korea, Thailand, Burma & India to fight for their army. • By 1945, several countries were aiding US efforts in the Pacific: Canada, Australia, China, Philippines, New Zealand and the Netherlands (b/c of Dutch East Indies) • Between 1942 and 1945, the Pacific War was fought in 4 main areas: China, Central Pacific, SE Asia & SW Pacific • SU declares war on Japan in August 1945, and fights mostly inland battles in China against Japan • Led by General Douglas McArthur

6. Japanese Offensive: 1941-1942 Japan attacks American and British military bases across the Western Pacific. Rapid conquests of Hong Kong, Burma, New Guinea, India Strong Japanese Navy sinks British aircraft carriers Navy used kamikazes, or suicide planes

7. Japanese battleships Yamashiro, Fuso and Haruna

8. Bombing of Darwin, Australia; 1942

9. Prince of Wales (left, front) and Repulse (left, behind) under Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941 by a Japanese destroyer

11. Australian POW’s; Total captured – 22,000

13. War in the Pacific: Important Battles • By early-1942, it became difficult for Japanese to maintain control of vast empire. • Low on resources and weapons • Codebreakers discovered several planned attacks • Once a 2nd front in Europe is opened (1942), American forces concentrated on island hopping: a military strategy of attacking specific enemy-held islands. • Battle of the Coral Sea: (5/4/1942) mutual bombing of navies • Battle of Midway: (6/4/1942)U.S. wins its first Pacific battle by fighting entirely from the air and destroying the Japanese navy.

15. US Aircraft Carrier, Lexington, under attack at the Battle of the Coral Sea

16. Allied Offensives: 1943-1945 • Battle of Guadalcanal: (2/9/1943) First Japanese-held territory conquered by the U.S. • Battle of Leyte Gulf: (10/23/1944)Greatest naval battle in history; vital to stop oil production. • Battle of Iwo Jima: (2/1945): Japan is outnumbered; clear victory • Battle of Okinawa: (4/11/1945) Last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands. • Began bombing campaign in Tokyo

17. U.S. Marines in Guadalcanal; 1942

18. Torpedoed Japanese destroyer; Battle of Leyte Gulf

19. General MacArthur at Leyte Gulf

21. Chinese ground forces

22. American ship, Bunker Hill, after being attacked by Kamikazes – Battle of Okinawa

23. Discussion • Priority of the Allies  force an unconditional surrender! Without any allies or supplies, why did Japan continue to fight? Explain!

24. The Manhattan Project • A 1941 top secret plan to develop the first atomic bomb. • Combination of scientists and physicists • Albert Einstein • Robert Oppenheimer • Presidential approval • FDR • Truman

25. Atomic bomb test: Los Alamos, New Mexico – July 1945

26. Truman’s decision • Truman warned Japanese that if they didn’t surrender, they could expect a “rain of ruin from the air” • Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 • The second was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

27. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

29. TO THE JAPANESE PEOPLE:America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet. We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better and peace-loving Japan. You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war. Civilian Warning Pre-Hiroshima

30. Civilian Warning Pre-Nagasaki • ATTENTION JAPANESE PEOPLE. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.Because your military leaders have rejected the surrender declaration, two momentous events have occurred in the last few days. • The Soviet Union, because of this rejection on the part of the military has notified your Ambassador Sato that it has declared war on your nation. Thus, all powerful countries of the world are now at war with you. • Also, because of your leaders' refusal to accept the surrender declaration that would enable Japan to honorably end this useless war, we have employed our atomic bomb. • A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on a single mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weapon of total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed. • Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperor now to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-loving Japan. • Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war. • EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.

31. Aftermath

34. Hiroshima

35. Nagasaki

37. Surrender Japan surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2, 1945 "Should We continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization." Emperor Hirohito

38. Execution of Hideki Tojo

39. War in the Pacific Outcomes Allied occupation of Japan Removal of Japanese troops in China Territories are reclaimed: Taiwan, Korea (divided), Pacific Islands Maintained by United Nations SU gets control of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands

40. Was dropping the Atomic Bomb the right thing to do? • You and your partner will be given various primary sources about the atomic bomb and its ethical/moral/strategic repercussions. • One will read the pro arguments (FOR the A-bomb) • One will read the con arguments (AGAINST the A-bomb) • After reading, complete the worksheet for your viewpoint. • Discuss your readings with your partner and fill in your chart. • Be prepared to discuss and participate!