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for Language Arts Enrichment and Cross Curriculum Writing

GRAMMAR TIPS. for Language Arts Enrichment and Cross Curriculum Writing. Hilary Hardin NGA LMS. FRAGMENTS. Is it a fragment? Remember that all true sentences MUST HAVE 3 COMPONENTS: a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.

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for Language Arts Enrichment and Cross Curriculum Writing

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  1. GRAMMAR TIPS for Language Arts Enrichment and Cross Curriculum Writing Hilary Hardin NGA LMS

  2. FRAGMENTS • Is it a fragment? • Remember that all true sentences MUST HAVE 3 COMPONENTS: a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. • Example: Before Carolynbegins studying. Carolyn is the subject and begins is the verb, but the phrase is a fragment because it makes no sense by itself.

  3. RUN-ONS • Is it a run on? • A comma cannot join 2 simple sentences. The following methods are acceptable • A COMMA AND A CONJUNCTION • My dad bought me a car, but I have to pay him back. • A SEMICOLON • In one way Ethel has proven to be a very sweet dog; she always greets Carl with a big sloppy kiss. • A SEMICOLON, CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB , and COMMA • I don’t think I’ll be joining you for dinner; however, Susan may be feeling well enough to meet you there now.

  4. COMMA SPLICES Commas are too wimpy to hold 2 independent clauses together. Connect them with semicolons instead. Comma Splice: You need to work out more, your arms are really weak. Corrected Sentence: You need to work out more; your arms are really weak.

  5. COMMA USE • A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE before an independent one needs a comma. • Ex: If you want to win, you must work hard. • Words that commonly begin a subordinate clause: if, when, since, because, as, as if, after, although, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, wherever, while, before, even though, in order that, in order to (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS—ADVERB CLAUSES)

  6. RESPECT THE COMMA

  7. More on Commas AND SEMICOLONS • Use a semicolon to replace a comma when items in a series already have commas. • EX: I have lived in Huntsville, Alabama; Shelbyville, Tennessee; and Tallahassee, Florida.

  8. More on commas and semicolons • Use a comma with a conjunction ONLY when the conjunction joins 2 sentences or 3 or more items in a series. • Use a semicolon to join 2 sentences on the same topic.

  9. “QUOTATION MARKS” • Quotation marks are to be used with DIRECT QUOTES—someone's EXACT words. Ex: Joe said, " I hate pickles." • INDIRECT QUOTES do NOT require quotation marks. EX: Joe said that he hates pickles.

  10. COLON • Use a colon at the END OF AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE if a LIST of 3 or more things is to follow. • EX: Bring these items in your backpack: binder, pencils, books, and lunch box.

  11. PUNCTUATING TITLES • ITALICIZE WHOLE WORKS or WHOLE PIECES, names of vehicles, art and music. If the work is NOT a smaller part of something else, underline it. Ex: New York Times, Romeo and Juliet, Airforce One, Titanic. • UNDERLINING IS THE SAME AS ITALICIZING WHEN A PERSON IS HANDWRITING SOMETHING. • Use QUOTATION MARKS for works that are a smaller part of something larger. • “Article Title” (part of Magazine)

  12. Grammar tidbit • Proper nouns (names of people and things) need to be capitalized. • Different from—not different than

  13. CONFUSINGWORDS • Too: also or extent • EX: too much cake or me too • To: preposition • EX: to the store (has an object) • To: infinitive (to plus a verb) • I was ready to eat. • Two: 2 • EX: She is two years old.

  14. CONFUSING WORDS • Where: place • EX: Where is she? • Were: past tense plural of to be. • EX: We were going to the beach. • Your: possessive pronoun • EX: your book • You're: contraction for you are • EX: You're wrong.

  15. CONFUSING WORDS • There: a place • EX: I live there. • There: begins a sentence • EX: There is one child. • Their: possessive pronoun • EX: their home • They're: contraction for THEY ARE • EX: They're here.

  16. AGREEMENT MISTAKES AVOID THESE COMMON PROBLEMS! • Make sure each PRONOUN AGREES with its ANTECEDENT. • Be especially careful of pronouns that end in BODY, ONE, or THING; they are ALWAYS singular and take singular verbs and pronouns. EX: Everyone must wash HIS hands.

  17. AGREEMENT MISTAKES • When EACH and EVERY are attached to a compound subject they make it SINGULAR. • EX: EACH BOY and GIRL listen to the presentation.

  18. TENSE SHIFT • Avoid a TENSE SHIFT. • Ex: I ATE a burger, LISTEN to a CD, WATCH television, and MAKE my bed. • Use the same tense throughout your sentence. • Always match the first one used. EX: I ATE a burger, LISTENED to a CD, WATCHED television, and MADE my bed.

  19. PARALLELISM • Parallelism: Each item in a series should FOLLOW THE SAME PATTERN. • EX: Jeremy drank some eggnog, then some presents needed to be wrapped, he took a walk, and listened to Christmas music. • SHOULD BE CHANGED TO: Jeremy drank some eggnog, wrapped some presents, took a walk, and listened to Christmas music. • The pattern is verb-direct object, verb-direct object, and verb-direct object.

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