Martin Luther King, Jr.

1. MalcoLm X Oliver Tambo Famous Leaders Nelson Mandela Frederick Douglass Stokely Carmichael Martin Luther King, Jr.

2. Civil Rights Leaders

3. Martin Luther King, Jr. • He was born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929 to Alberta Williams King and Rev. Martin Luther King, Sr. • Dr. King graduated from Crozer Theological Seminary with his B.A. at age 22 in June, 1951. • Dr. King was arrested for breaking the state of Georgia's trespassing law while picketing. He was transferred to Reidsville State Prison but was released on $2000 bond on October 19, 1960.

4. Martin Luther King Jr. Cont. • Time Magazine honored Dr. King as "Man of the Year" with a feature story and cover photo on January 3, 1964. • On December 10, 1964, Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway. • On April 4, 1968, Dr. King was assassinated.

5. Malcolm X • Born: May 19,1925 Died: February 25, 1965 • He said, “Violence is needed for a real revolution.” • In 1945, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison. While there, he became a member of the Nation of Islam.

6. Malcolm X cont. • Malcolm founded the Black Nationalist Organization of Afro-American Unity. He also founded the Muslim Mosque, Inc. • One year after he joined the Nation of Islam, he left to go to the Muslim Mosque and was assassinated.

7. Frederick Douglass was born in a slave cabin, in February, 1818, near the town of Easton, on the eastern shore of Maryland. • When he was eight he was sent to Baltimore to live with a ship carpenter named Hugh Auld. There he learned to read and first heard the words “abolition” and “abolitionists.” Frederick Douglass

8. Fredrick Douglas • Douglass spent seven years in Baltimore before being sent back to the country, where he was hired out to a farm run by a notoriously brutal "slavebreaker" named Edward Covey. • He conferred with Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and recruited northern blacks for the Union Army.

9. Stokely Carmichael • He was born on June 29, 1941, in Port of Spain, Trinidad. He died on November 15, 1998, in Conakry, Guinea. • He was the leader of black nationalism in the United States in the 1960s. • He originated its rallying slogan, “black power,” which meant self-defense tactics, self-determination, political and economic power, and racial pride.

10. Stokely Carmichael • During this period Carmichael and others associated with SNCC supported the nonviolence approach to desegregation begun by Martin Luther King, Jr. • He left the United States in 1969 and moved with his first wife, South African singer Miriam Makeba, to Guinea, West Africa. • Carmichael helped to establish the All-African People's Revolutionary Party, an international political party dedicated to Pan-Africanism.

11. Anti-Apartheid Leaders

12. Oliver Tambo • He was born on October 27, 1917 in a rural town, Mbizana. • His parents had converted to Christianity shortly before he was born. • Assisted by African government, Tambo was able to establish the African National Congress mission in Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, and London. • The suppression of the 1961 stay-at-home strike led to the ANC adopting the armed struggle as part of its strategy. • In 1967, after the death of ANC President General Chief Albert J. Luthuli, Tambo became acting president until his appointment to the Presidency was approved by the Morogoro Conference in 1969. • Among black South African leaders, Oliver Tambo was probably the most highly respected on the African continent, in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. • Oliver Tambo died from a stroke on April 24, 1993.

13. Oliver Tambo Cont. • In 1967, after the death of ANC President General Chief Albert J. Luthuli, Tambo became acting president until his appointment to the Presidency was approved by the Morogoro Conference in 1969. • Among black South African leaders, Oliver Tambo was probably the most highly respected on the African continent, in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. • Oliver Tambo died from a stroke on April 24, 1993.

14. Nelson Mandela • He was the president of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944 • After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC. • Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years imprisonment with hard labor. • In 1964 he and eight others had been sent to prison for trying to overthrow the government by violence.

15. Nelson Mandela cont. • During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily and he became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. • Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990 • He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

16. Works Cited Astros, Douglas. Fredrick Douglas Athletics. No date. Online image. http://www.eteamz.com/douglassastros/images/frederick_douglass.jpg "At a Speech." No date. Online image. Carmilla Online.5 Feb. 2009.      <http://www.carmillaonline.com/archives/2007/09/002360.html> "At a Speech." No date. Online image. Marxist Internet Archive. 5 Feb. 2009.      <http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/> Barry, Derek. Malcolm Exemplar. March 11, 2007. Online Image. http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/jwb/Collab/CivRtsWeb/Images/malcolmx.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nebuchadnezzarwoollyd.blogspot.com/2007/03/malcolm-exemplar.html Brooks, Amanda. "The Ideas of Black Civil Rights Leaders". Gene Brooks. 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.geocities.com/genebrooks/civil-rights-leaders-ideas>. Horton, ScottFredrick Douglas Free The People. Online Image. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.harpers.org/media/image/blogs/misc/frederick_douglass2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2008/03/hbc-90002480&usg=__ryiftxIex6T5sYOyxNWMVpqAu5I=&h=461&w Malcolm X at Queens Court. 1964. Online image. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg "Nelson Mandela's Birthday." 18 July 2008. Online image. Global Ageing Network Blog. 5 Feb. 2009.http://iahsa.wordpress.com/2008/07/18/happy-birthday-nelson- mandela/ "Nelson Mandela's Portrait." No date. Online image. South Africa Toursand Travel. 5 Feb. 2009. <http://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/apartheid.html>

17. Works Cited "Nelson Mandela's Birthday." 18 July 2008. Online image. Global Ageing Network Blog. 5 Feb. 2009.http://iahsa.wordpress.com/2008/07/18/happy-birthday-nelson- mandela/ "Nelson Mandela's Portrait." No date. Online image. South Africa Toursand Travel. 5 Feb. 2009. <http://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/apartheid.html> "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela". African National Congress. 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html>. "Oliver Reginald Tambo". African National Congress. 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.anc.org.za/people/tambo_or.html>. "People & Events Fredrick Douglas". PBS. 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html>. Sylvester, Melvin. "A Tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.". LIU. 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/mlking.htm>. "People & Events Fredrick Douglas". PBS. 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html>. Thomas , Sandra. "Frederick Douglass". Rochester History . 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html#contents>. "Stokely Carmichael Biography ". Biography. 3 Feb. 2009 <http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9238629>.