PRIORITY MEDICINES FOR EUROPE AND THE WORLD

1. PRIORITY MEDICINES FOR EUROPE AND THE WORLD A report prepared by WHO for the Netherlands Government by Warren Kaplan Richard Laing and • Saloni Tanna Marjolein Willemen • Eduardo Sabaté Monique Renevier • Joyce Wilson Lisa Greenough • Ann Wilberforce Kathy Hurst

2. Special Thanks to: • Prof. Bert Leufkens (U. Utrecht) • Prof David Henry (U. Newcastle, Australia) • Authors of Background papers including DNDI, MMV • Industry and NGO members including MSF & HAI • Dutch team of Martien ten Ham, Jan Willem Hartgerink and Bart Wijnberg

3. Context/Background • Pammoli, G-10 and EU Commission Reports • The Lisbon and Barcelona European Councils: the “3% solution” • EMEA : "Roadmap to 2010…" • US FDA "Innovation or Stagnation…?" • Framework Programmes FP6 FP7 • European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP)

4. Objectives of Priority Medicines Project • Provide a methodology for identifying priority diseases with pharmaceutical “gaps” from a public health perspective, for Europe and the World . • Provide a public-health based pharmaceutical R&D agenda for use by the EU in the 7th Framework Programme, “Good public policy aims to prioritise spending of public funds on areas of greatest public needs”

5. What this Report does not address • Health system issues such as access or quality of care, or logistical or sociological barriers. • Underlying risk factors which can be considered a major cause of morbidity or mortality. • Availability of diagnostics or medical devices • Relationship between trade, pricing, intellectual property, as this is the subject of the WHO Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health. (See http://www.who.int/intellectualproperty/en/)

6. "Priority Medicines" • Medicines which are needed to meet the priority health care needs of the population but which have not yet been developed. • A “pharmaceutical gap” occurs when pharmaceutical treatments for a disease/condition: • does not yet exist OR • are likely to become ineffective in the future OR • are available but the delivery mechanism or formulation is not appropriate for the target patient group.

7. Generating a Preliminary List of Diseases and Gaps

8. Commonality of interest for Europe and the World • Considerable Commonality of interest exists for chronic diseases • Antibacterial resistance & Pandemic Influenza • Ischemic Heart Disease, Diabetes, Cancer, Acute Stroke, Alzheimers and other dementias, Osteoarthritis, COPD, & Depression • Social Solidarity needs for: • HIV/AIDS, TB, Neglected Diseases, Malaria, Maternal Haemorrhage

9. Global Public Health Threats Antibacterial Resistance: • For infectious diseases, the present burden in Europe is low removing incentives for research. • Most antibiotics are inexpensive- removing incentives to create new antibiotics • Antibacterials are widely misused creating resistance • Less research on antibiotics could have profound consequences for future generations with the global increase in the spread of drug-resistant bacteria.

10. The Rise of Antibacterial Resistance and the Decline in Innovation The proportion of MRSA among positive blood cultures of Staphylococcus Aureus in England &Wales1989-2002 Antibacterial new molecular entities approved for use in the United States 1983-2002

11. Global Public Health Threats (2) Pandemic Influenza: • Overdue for a new pandemic • Uptake of existing vaccines in Europe is poor compared to Canada, US, Korea and Australia • Current capacity to produce either vaccines or antiviral medicines is not sufficient

12. Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease & Stroke • Patients who have had a heart attack or stroke could reduce their risk of a repeat attack by 66% if they took 4 proven medicines. • BUT uptake is low <20% • The "polypill" using fixed dose combination of aspirin, statin, ACE inhibitor and beta-blocker or thiazide diuretic deserves further urgent study.

13. High burden, preventable diseases with pharmaceutical gaps Smoking-related conditions: • Public health, anti-smoking policies are the key interventions • Effective pharmaceutical interventions to stop smoking are needed. Treatment of acute stroke: • A major basic and clinical research effort is required as the current treatment of acute stroke is unsatisfactory. • Most agents are not effective and they are associated with an increased risk of adverse events.

14. High burden, preventable diseases with pharmaceutical gaps HIV/AIDS: • There are particular "gaps" with regard to HIV formulations for children • Support needed for HIV Vaccine Alcoholic liver disease: • The overriding imperative should be to reduce the prevalence and incidence of alcohol abuse • Need for translational research to convert basic science advances into products that can be used in clinical trials.

15. High burden diseases without bio markers Osteoarthritis: • New diagnostics, biomarkers and imaging technology will help determine who is likely to get osteoarthritis, and the response to treatment Alzheimer disease: • More sensitive, reliable and valid tools for detecting changes in normal ageing and the onset of early Alzheimer disease needed. • Lack of surrogate markers remains a major barrier in the clinical development of AD drugs

16. High burden diseases where existing therapies could be improved Cancer : • More capacity (infrastructure and human resources) and coordination to conduct comparative clinical trials • Continue to invest in basic research into cancer biology Diabetes: • Heat stable insulin would be a major advance in public health • Gaps in basic biology, stem cell research, transplantation research Depression in adolescents & elderly: • Gaps in understanding biology of depression and its treatments in these groups

17. "Neglected" diseasesLack of EU support for translational research for market failure diseases Malaria: • Lack of experimental models for medicines discovery and development. Tuberculosis: • More FDCs for second-line treatment of multidrug-resistant TB & Diagnostics Leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, Buruli ulcer: • Most of the medicines being used are "old" and often dangerous Post-partum haemorrhage: • Major cause of maternal mortality in developing countries, heat stable oxytocin would be a major advance in public health for women

18. Special Needs for Women, Children, and the Elderly • All groups have been neglected in the drug development process • Complicated by different physiology and metabolism • Recent improvements in situation of women and children • Considerable gaps remain for the elderly who use the most medicines

19. Promoting Innovation and Removing Barriers • Public Private Partnerships may be a vehicle to address market failure • Dealing with pricing issues is critical to the future of the European pharmaceutical industry. Propose investigating differential pricing based on GNI per capita and efficacy measures • EMEA, FDA, Rawlins and Industry have all proposed similar measures to remove barriers • Comparative trials provide critical information on head to head comparisons. Use of European databases may facilitate such studies

20. Risk, Benefit and Safety • HAI statement that "..drugs should only be authorised for use once demonstrated to be safe…" is unrealistic • For high risk disease we accept drugs which have significant side effects • For rare serious side effects, we cannot detect with existing Phase 3 trials • We need Phase 4 to be routine and to collect data from all sources • Phase 4 should also review efficacy as well as safety

21. Role of Patients remains unclear • Patients have been effective in innovation e.g. AIDS and Orphan diseases • Valuable role in treatment guideline development emerging e.g. NICE • Patients play important role in ethical & hospital committees e.g. IRB & DTCs • Will now be part of CSM in UK • Future role likely to be important and growing • Must address conflict of interest in funding

22. Conclusions • Commonality of interest exists for chronic diseases between Europe and the World • Priorities can be set based on evidence, trends and projections and social solidarity • Pharmaceutical gaps exist as a result of biological challenges and market failure • Highest priorities are antibacterial resistance, influenza, smoking and neglected diseases • Pricing issues and barriers to innovation strongly affect the European industry • The EU needs to find a way to support translational research for market failure pharmaceutical gaps

23. Priority Medicines Project For further questions, please contact: laingr@who.int wak22@comcast.net +41-22-791-4533 http://mednet3.who.int/prioritymeds/report/index.htm

24. Differential Pricing: Indicative prices in US$/annum of highly active antiretrovirals (HAART) and a new hypothetical regimen in countries of variable wealth