The Critics

1. The Critics By: Ava Fowler, Bethany Higgins, Caroline Krumm, and Caroline Woods

2. Poverty in Industrial Societies • More noticeable and more frightening • Could no longer apply the concepts of deserving and undeserving • Workers had more money than peasants, but they had to pay for everything while prices were high • Workers would receive no help from neighbors or factory owners • Poverty fluctuated • Depended on the success or failure of enterprises • Companies often went bankrupt • Overproduction depression foreclosure of companies

3. Critics on Industrial Poverty • Inequality between capitalist entrepreneurs and factory workers disturbed many • Distribution of wealth wasn’t equal • No middle class • Huge gap between the poor and the wealthy • Pointed out the inevitable difference in social classes in a capitalist system • Capitalism increased efficiency of production, extended markets around the world, but also brought about new social problems that many critics responded to Capitalism: economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated by individuals for profit

4. Battle Between Science and Religion • Causes • Darwin’s theories • Geological discoveries by Sir Charles Lyell • The earth was much older than the number of generations between Adam and Jesus Christ • Discovery of dinosaur fossils

5. Battle Between Science and Religion • Religion side • Religious leaders who believed evolution challenged God and His word • For most people, a world without God was unthinkable • Many educated Catholics wanted to reconcile their religious beliefs and new scientific findings and modern thoughts • How can we answer life’s most important question: Why are we here? • Rationality and experimentation could answer what but not why • Biblical accounts were starting to be understood more symbolically rather than literally

6. Battle Between Science and Religion • Science side • Religion was an excuse for people’s problems • “opiate of the people” –Karl Marx • More atheists • Believed in progress, science, and humanity’s ability to better itself • Jews lost beliefs and traditions to become more like modern Europeans • Study of science was another way to understand God’s creation • Social and Physical sciences would bring about progress in the population

7. Early Socialist

8. Francis Babeuf (1760-1797) • Believed in “real equality” for all citizens. • Wanted to eliminate private property along with control of goods and state-sponsored employment programs. • He was not well liked and eventually was executed in 1797.

9. Claude Henri de Saint Simon (1760-1825) • Was born into a noble family in 1760. • Fought on the Americans side during the Revolutionary War. • He believed that social cooperation and planning led by well educated elite would benefit society. • Saint Simon wrote “The New Christianity” which criticized both Christianity and Protestantism for not dealing with the issues of poverty. • His most significant contribution was linking industrial growth to general social improvement.

10. Charles Fourier (1768-1830) • Was the most visionary of the Utopian socialist. • He wanted a complete transformation of society. • He wanted to assign jobs according to ability and passion; children would be brought up and educated and citizens would get to choose their careers. • His vision only happened for a group of 1,600 people, but didn’t continue for long.

11. Robert Owen (1771-1858) • Believed that cooperation rather than competition would create a profit in businesses. • He owned a cotton mill in New Lanark. • The workers at the mill were provided with: • Education for their children • Hygienic surroundings • Apartments • Owens plans did not last long, but they did influence the Soviet Union to Fiat’s factory city of Turin, Italy later on.

12. Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Middle class • Socialist thinker • Went to University in Bonn and Berlin • Studied Philosophy under Hegel • He believed that philosophy was best method for understanding the world “Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways. The point, however, is to change it.”

13. Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx’s collaboration • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels formed an alliance and friendship • Engels was more familiar with conditions of industrialization • very practical • Very good business man • Marx had a greater theoretical mind • They wrote The Communist Manifesto together • This criticized the bourgeoisie society

14. Communism • “A specter us haunting Europe–The specter of communism.” • Communism: the radical political philosophy that supports the obliteration of private property • The Communist manifesto was based on the philosophy of Hegel in a dialectical way • According to Marx: applying this principle to material world would cause revolutionary change in the society

15. Revolts • Marx wanted working class to revolt and take the bourgeoisie out of power • This was a very violent revolt • An egalitarian society would be based off of the ideas from The Communist Manifesto • Free education • No more inheritances • State control of credit and transportation • Progressive income tax • End of urban and rural areas creating educational institutions

16. Rise of communism • Marx spent the rest of his life gathering and analyzing data to support his ideas • People in favor of Marx’s ideas were forming groups all across of Europe • Liberals and conservatives realized that they needed to improve working conditions in order to avoid the rise of communism

17. Critiques of Reason • Optimism from prosperity, scientific advances, and philosophy of positivism was now faltering • Mass production- threat • New philosophers were arising • Philosophers combine rationalists method of later 19th century thinkers with limitations of reality

18. FriedrechNietsche (1844-1900) • Philosopher who demanded revision of human ethics • Personal freedom and intellectual and moral self-reliance • Despised mass society and Christian religion • Will and passion over reason • Produced thousands of writings • The Birth of Tragedy (1872) • Nazis tried to appropriate his ideas, but Nietsche rejected them

19. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Austrian psychiatrist who emphasized fundamental drives in human behavior • Repression: theory that memories and desires not acknowledged by a person’s conscious can lead to metal disorders • “talking cure”- revealed a person’s subconscious • Human personality: id, ego, superego • Id: drives, hungers, desires • Ego: not all wants can be fulfilled • Superego: moral values, taboos, and behavioral models • When personality is unbalanced- hysteria and neuroses