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Critics of Capitalism

Critics of Capitalism. Utopian Socialism Robert Owen (1771-1858) New Lanark, 1799-1824 New Harmony, 1824-8 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1832-4. Critics of Capitalism. Utopian Socialists, cont. Charles Fourier (1772-1837) Phalanstery or phalanx

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Critics of Capitalism

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  1. Critics of Capitalism • Utopian Socialism • Robert Owen (1771-1858) • New Lanark, 1799-1824 • New Harmony, 1824-8 • Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1832-4

  2. Critics of Capitalism • Utopian Socialists, cont. • Charles Fourier (1772-1837) • Phalanstery or phalanx • Claude Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Charles Fourier

  3. Marx and Engels • The Communist Manifesto, 1848 • Materialist dialectic • Bourgeoisie and proletariat • Theory of class struggle Karl Marx (1818-1883)

  4. Revolutions of 1848

  5. The Rise of Mass Politics: The Legalization of Trade Unions, 1790-1917

  6. The Rise of Mass Politics, 1870-1920: The Franchise

  7. The Rise of Mass Politics: Working-Class Political Parties • German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875 • Federation of the Socialist Workers’ Party(1879) + French Workers’ Party (1883) = S.F.I.0., 1905 • Labour Party (U.K.), 1901

  8. Arise ye starving workers from your slumbersArise ye criminals of wantFor reason in revolt now thundersand at last ends the age of cant.Now away with all your superstitionsServile masses arise, arise!We'll change from now on the old conditionsAnd spurn the dust to win the prize. CHORUS Then come comrades rallyAnd the last fight let us faceThe InternationaleUnites the human race. (repeat). We peasants, artisans and others,Enrolled amongst the sons of toilLet's claim the earth henceforth for brothersDrive the indolent from the soil.On our flesh for too long has fed the ravenWe've too long been the vultures prey.But now farewell to spirit craven The dawn brings in a brighter day. CHORUS No saviour from on high deliversNo trust we have in prince or peerOur own right hand the chains must shiverChains of hatred, greed and fear.Ere the thieves will out with their booty And to all give a happier lot.Each at his forge must do his dutyAnd strike the iron while its hot. L’Internationale (1871)

  9. The Rise of Mass Politics: Radical Movements of the Left and Right • Anarchism • Michael Bakunin (1814-1876): “Destruction is a creative passion.” • Syndicalism • Georges Sorel (1847-1922) • Racism • H.S. Chamberlain (1855-1927) Michael Bakunin

  10. Romanticism: J.-A.-D. Ingres Odalisque Louis-François Bertin (1766-1841)1832

  11. Romanticism: J.M.W. Turner Procession of Boats with Distant Smoke, Venicecirca 1845

  12. J.M.W. Turner A Wreck, with Fishing Boats circa 1840-5

  13. J.M.W. Turner Sunrise with Sea Monsters circa 1845

  14. Realism after the Revolutions Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans (1849)

  15. The Age of Nationalism, 1850-? • Expressions of Nationalism: • Language • Symbols • Culture • Nationalism & State-building Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading The People, 1830

  16. Languages and Nationalism in the 19th Century

  17. Symbols of Nationalism, I

  18. Symbols of Nationalism, II

  19. Nationalism and Music Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901 Franz Liszt, 1811-1886 “Va, pensiero…” from Nabucco (1842) Hungarian Rhapsody No. 12 (1853)

  20. “Va, Pensiero…” from Nabucco Va, pensiero, sull'ali dorate; Go, my thoughts on golden wings; Va, ti posa sui clivi, sui colli Go, settle on the slopes, the hills Ove olezzano tepide e molli, Where, soft and warm, the sweet breezes L'aure dolici del suolo natal! Of our native land are fragrant! Del Giordano le rive saluta, Greet the banks of the Jordan, Di Sionne le torri atterrate. And, Zion’s razed towers…. Oh, mia patrie si bella e perduta! Oh, my country so lovely and lost! Oh, Membrenza si cara e fatal! Oh remembrances, so dear and ill-fated! Arpa d'or del fatidici vati, Golden harp of the prophetic bards, Perché muta dal salice pendi? Why do you hang mute on the willows? Le memorie nel petto raccendi, Re-kindle the memories in our breasts, Chi favella del tempo che fu! Speak to us of the times of yore! O simile di Solima ai fati Just as for the cruel fate of Jerusalem, Traggi un suono di crudo lamento, Intone a strain of bitter lamentation, O t'ispiri il Signore un concento Otherwise, let the Lord inspire you with Che ne infonda al patire virtu! With a melody to give us strength to suffer!

  21. Arise ye starving workers from your slumbersArise ye criminals of wantFor reason in revolt now thundersand at last ends the age of cant.Now away with all your superstitionsServile masses arise, arise!We'll change from now on the old conditionsAnd spurn the dust to win the prize. CHORUS Then come comrades rallyAnd the last fight let us faceThe InternationaleUnites the human race. (repeat). We peasants, artisans and others,Enrolled amongst the sons of toilLet's claim the earth henceforth for brothersDrive the indolent from the soil.On our flesh for too long has fed the ravenWe've too long been the vultures prey.But now farewell to spirit craven The dawn brings in a brighter day. CHORUS No saviour from on high deliversNo trust we have in prince or peerOur own right hand the chains must shiverChains of hatred, greed and fear.Ere the thieves will out with their booty And to all give a happier lot.Each at his forge must do his dutyAnd strike the iron while its hot. L’Internationale (1871)

  22. Nationalism and State-Building: Italy • Il Risorgimento, 1859-70 • Camilio di Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia (1852-61) • King Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1861-78) • Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

  23. Bismarck and German Unification, I: Background • Holy Roman Empire, 962-1806 • Confederation of the Rhine, 1806-1815 • German Confederation, 1815-1866 • Zollverein, 1834 • Frankfurt Parliament, 1848 Franz von Lehnbach, Otto von Bismarck, 1879. German Historical Museum, Berlin.

  24. Bismarck and German Unification, II: Realpolitik • Wars of Unification • Danish War, 1864 • Austro-Prussian War, 1866 • Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1 Decree establishing Paris Commune, 1871

  25. German Unification, 1862-71

  26. Constitution of the 2nd Reich Signature of Otto von Bismarck

  27. Problems of Unification • Kulturkampf, 1871-1878 • Anti-Socialist Laws, 1878-1890 • The State as Provider: • Accident Insurance • Disability Insurance • Old Age Insurance SPD Banner, 1863

  28. Germany’s Drive to World Power • Kaiser Wilhelm II (r.1888-1918) • Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890 • The ‘New Course’ • ‘A Place in the Sun’ • The Navy Plan • The Schlieffen Plan Krupp Naval Armaments Production, Essen, 1906. German Historical Museum, Berlin

  29. The Schlieffen Plan

  30. ‘The Scramble for Africa’, 1890-1914

  31. Imperialism in Asia, 1894-1914

  32. Anglo-German Arms Race HMS Marlborough. WWI Document Archive. German cruiser, ca. 1918. German Historical Museum, Berlin

  33. International Arms Production, 1890-1914

  34. Imperialism and World Crisis • Conflicts: • 1st Moroccan Crisis, 1905 • The Bosnian Crisis, 1908-1909 • 2nd Moroccan Crisis, 1911 • 1st Balkan War, 1912 • 2nd Balkan War, 1913

  35. The Alliance System

  36. Austria-Hungary • 1867 : Creation of Dual Monarchy under Emperor Franz Joseph • Population: • 50 Million People • 11 Nationalities

  37. The Balkans & Central Europe • 1389-1878: Ottoman rule • 1908: Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina • Creation of Narodna Odbrana (National Defense) and Black Hand • 1912-13: Serbian victories in Balkan Wars

  38. The July Crisis, 1914 • June 28: Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand • July 5-6: The Blank Check • July 23 : Austrian 48- Hour Ultimatum • July 28 : Austrian declaration of war with Serbia • August 1: German declaration of war with Russia Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

  39. To suppress any publication which incites to hatred and contempt of the Monarchy . . . To dissolve immediately the society styled Narodna Odbrana . . and to proceed in the same manner against the other societies . . which engage in propaganda against [Austria] To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, both as regards the teaching body and the methods of instruction, all that serves or might serve to foment the propaganda against Austria-Hungary To remove from the military service and the administration in general all officers guilty of propaganda against [Austria--names to be given over by the Austrian govt.] To accept the collaboration in Serbia of organs of [A-H govt.] in the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy To take judicial proceedings against the accessories to the plot of 28 June who are on Serbian territory; Organs delegated by [A-H] will take part in the investigations relating thereto To proceed without delay to the arrest of [two named persons implicated according to the preliminary investigation undertaken by Austria] To prevent by effective measures the cooperation of [Serbia] in the illicit traffic in arms and explosives across the frontier . . . . To furnish [Austria] with explanations regarding the unjustifiable utterances of high Serbian officials both in Serbia and abroad, who . . .have not hesitated since the outrage of 28 June to express themselves . .in terms of hostility towards [Austria] To notify [Austria] without delay of the execution of the[se] measures . . [Serbia will] introduce . . a provision into the press law providing for the most severe punishment of incitement to hatred and contempt of the [A-H] Monarchy . . . [The Serbian govt.] possesses no proof . . that the Narodna Odbrana and other similar societies have committed up to the present any criminal act of this nature . . Nevertheless, [Serbia] will . . dissolve the Narodna Obrana and every other society which . . . [Serbia will] eliminate without delay from public instruction . . everything that serves or might serve to foment the propaganda against [A-H], whenever [Austria] furnish them with facts and proofs . . [Serbia] also agree to remove from the military service all such persons as the judicial inquiry may have proved to be guilty of acts directed against the integrity of the territory of [A-H], and they expect [Austria] to communicate . .the names and acts of these officers for the purpose of the proceedings which are to be taken against them [The Serbian govt. does] not clearly grasp the meaning or the scope of the demand . . that Serbia shall undertake to accept the collaboration of the representatives of [A-H], but they declare that they will admit such collaboration as agrees with the principle of international law, with criminal procedure, and with good neighborly relations . . . As regards the participation in this inquiry [which Serbia intends to hold] of Austro-Hungarian agents.......... [Serbia] cannot accept such an arrangement, as it would be a violation of the Constitution . . . [states it has not yet been possible to arrest one of the persons named; request proofs of guilt from Austria] [ agrees to reinforce measures against illegal trafficking of arms and explosives across the frontier with Bosnia-Herzegovine] [offers explanations of anti-Austrian comments by Serb officials if Austria sends examples of their actually having been made] [Serbia will duly notify the measures taken, but if Austria is not satisfied with the reply] the Serbian government . . are ready . . to accept a pacific understanding, either by referring this question to the decision of the International Tribunal of the Hague [i.e., the World Court], or to the Great Powers . . Austrian Ultimatum & Reply

  40. World War I Begins • August 1: German Declaration of War on Russia • August 2-3: German invasion of Luxembourg and Belgium • August 3: German declaration of War on France • August 4: British declaration of war with Germany Belgian Refugees, 1914

  41. The Western Front Animated Map of the Western Front

  42. Stalemate, 1914 • 1st Battle of the Marne, September 1914 • French & German Losses = 400,000 dead 600,000 wounded • Trench Warfare Somme Trenches, 1916

  43. The Birth of Propaganda • Belgian Atrocities • Propaganda Posters • Censorship and misinformation • Songs • It’s A Long Way to Tipperary • You’re a Grand Old Flag • Over There

  44. Out of Stalemate? • Nationalisms • Lawrence of Arabia • Balfour Declaration • Irish Independence • British Naval Blockade • Submarine Warfare German submarine U-14

  45. European Fronts, 1914-18

  46. U.S. Propaganda Posters

  47. British Propaganda Posters, 1

  48. Propaganda Posters, 2

  49. Propaganda Posters, 3

  50. Second Year of the War, 1915 • Gallipoli Campaign • 55,000 killed • Battle of Neuve Chapelle • +1,000 yds • - 13,000 casualties • Battle of Artois-Champagne • 565,000 German & French killed or wounded • Eastern Front • 1,792,000 Russian killed or wounded • Sinking of the Lusitania Imperial soldiers come ashore at Gallipoli

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