Critics of Industrialization

1. Critics of Industrialization By: Micah Matthews, Kathy Hill, Maddie Lawry, Madison Curley, Megan Vanderkooi, and D’Edtra Rogers

2. Poverty in Industrial Societies • Poverty concentrated in cities SCARY • Workers had more $ then peasants, but had to pay for everything @ high prices. • “social safety net” for peasants, opposite of a worker’s life • Worker’s Poverty • Dependent on success of enterprises and economy • Unreliable credit • Overproduction • Did not experience famine in the industrialization period • Major difference in living conditions of factory owners and their workers • Capitalism- economic system characterized by private property and a market economy developed by industrialization in the 19th and 20th century

3. Early Socialists • Liberals- Wanted free market • Elitists- Wanted wealthier and better educated society to play a large role in politics, but believed that people should have the same social and economic rights. • Egalitarianism-All people should have equal political and social rights. • Radicalism- Political and social change. • Socialism- Aimed to end industrial poverty by sending profits throughout society. • Utopian Socialists- Believed the profits of industrialization should be used to improve living conditions throughout society.

4. Continued… • Saint-Simon New Christianity • Charles Fourier (Phalanges) • Robert Owen- Fourier who believed in inherited goodness of human nature. Utopian socialist who attempted to build cooperative communities. Advocated women’s rights, and equality and thought that Bourgeois marriage as a form of prostitution. Built community in New Harmony Indiana, for factory workers, and gave them free housing, and schooling for their kids.

5. Karl Marx • Middle Class socialists thinker from western Germany • Studied under G.W.F. Hegel at university in Bonn and Berlin • Passionate Personality- gained many friends but many enemies • Quest to change the world-go beyond philosophy • Communism- Marx’s radical political philosophy advocating the abolition of private property and an inevitable violent workers’ revolution • Book- Communist Manifesto- 1848, in collaboration with Friedrich Engels • Free education for all children, abolition of state of inheritance and landed property, state control of credit and transportation, and progressive income tax

6. The Controversy • Religion • The thought of scientific fact overruling scripture was outcast by the Church • Jewish boys in shtetls were punished if they were caught reading “modern” authors • Traditional Jews believed that the Torah, Talmud, and other works supplied enough human knowledge • Science • Many Europeans accepted scientific beliefs, but continued to believe in a Supreme Being • Some turn atheist • Many begin to question human existence • Conclusion: • People began to understand that the Bible in a more symbolic rather than literal way

7. Critiques of Reason • Before the twentieth century started, less and less people invested time in scientific advances • One person who continued to further scientific research was Friedrich Nietzsche • He was a German philosopher who revised human ethics and was notorious for his hatred for mass society • He hated the mass society so much that he nicknamed it the "common herd" and summoned people to resist it • He wrote The Birth of Tragedy in 1872 about his experience in the Franco-Prussian War His passionate argue gained him popularity all over Europe • He continued to produce poetry, essays, and books about personal freedom, which lashed out against democracy, German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and traditional more standards • He pushed people to find their own freedom in radical ways that included admitting that "God is dead“ • With morals like these he was praised by the Nazis

8. Critiques of Reason • Sigmund Freud was a psychiatrist who continued philosophy into the twentieth century • He emphasized the role of fundamental and rational drives in the human mind • He studied medicine and during the 1890's noticed a symptom in many of his women patients that could not be explained as a physical illness • Through this discovery he introduced the theory of repression, a theory that memories and desires not acknowledged by a person's conscious thought can lead to physical and mental disorders • He looked to find a treatment by studying the conscious and subconscious mind of psyche and concluded that dreams were a key to the repressed desires that existed at a subconscious level • To explain this he divided the psyche into three components: the id, ego, and superego • The id consists of drives and desires • The ego shows how reality can be altered • The superego describes how values and behavior matures as a person grows older • He concluded that when these three are unbalanced repression occurs

9. Poverty Early Socialists Karl Marx Science/Religion Critics of Reason 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30

10. Peasants had a ___________ consisting of relatives, neighbors and landlords that would help them in extreme times of need.

11. Name one cause of worker’s poverty during the industrialization period.

12. What is capitalism?

13. Who is Karl Marx?

14. What is Karl Marx’s famous book called?

15. What is communism?

16. Who is the English geologist who proved that earth was older then stated in the Bible, and wrote the Principles of Geology?

17. What were the Jewish boys in shtetls not allowed to read?

18. What was concluded by the controversy of Science vs. Religion?

19. How many political groups were there?

20. French thinker who envisioned socialist communities having a division of labor based on passions and abilities.

21. What is socialism?

22. What were the 3 components Freud divided psyche into?

23. What did Nietzsche call the gifted individuals that resisted mass society?

24. Nietzsche wanted human beings to recognize their own freedom and admit that ___________ is dead.