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What are the probable reasons for this patient to have another episode of malaria?

What are the probable reasons for this patient to have another episode of malaria?. RELAPSE REINFECTION RECRUDESCENCE.

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What are the probable reasons for this patient to have another episode of malaria?

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  1. What are the probable reasons for this patient to have another episode of malaria? RELAPSE REINFECTION RECRUDESCENCE

  2. Most patients re-infected with malaria are those that live in endemic areas, or those that travel repeatedly to these areas. Over time, these people may develop immunity to malaria by acquiring mechanisms which can kill the parasites or stop the replication of these parasites. However, what is important is the ability of their immune system to regulate its response to these infections, so as not to produce an overblown reaction to malaria. • This occurs as the first infection “primes” the immune system, while re-infection leads to an exaggerated, and very harmful response by the body.

  3. RELAPSE • renewed manifestation arising from survival of exoerythrocytic forms (hypnozoites) either at relatively short intervals or after long period (8-24 weeks) • confined to P. Vivax and P. Ovale infections • primaquine resistance or incomplete response or inadequate primaquinetreatment • Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium • Counterfeit/substandard chemoprophylactic drug

  4. REINFECTION • fresh infection occurring in a patient who has suffered from Malaria and can occur at any time after 2 weeks of the 1st attack. • This may be due to persistent source of infection such as an asymptomatic carrier or persistent malaria in the neighborhood or household because of high endemicity and persistent breeding centers for mosquitoes. • Luty et al in a study of plasmodium falciparum infection in African children have shown that in Gabonese children with mild malaria, production of interferon - gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to either Liver-stage or merozoite antigen peptides was associated with significantly delayed first re-infection or lower rates of re-infection. Hence re-infections among select few members of a family may be due to lack of gamma interferon response to the first attack of malaria.

  5. RECRUDESCENCE • renewed manifestation of infection due to survival of erythrocytic forms • a repeated attack of malaria (short term relapse or delayed), due to the survival of malaria parasites in red blood cells. • Characteristic of P. malariae infections.

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