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Fascism

Fascism. What is it? Defined by what it is not - the anti-party anti-democratic, Marxist, parliamentary, Semitic tried to create a safe world for the middle class; small businesses, small farmers, moderate property holders single party states

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Fascism

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  1. Fascism • What is it? • Defined by what it is not - the anti-party • anti-democratic, Marxist, parliamentary, Semitic • tried to create a safe world for the middle class; small businesses, small farmers, moderate property holders • single party states • terrorism and police surveillance with nationalism “The fascist conception of the state is all embracing, and outside of the state no human or spiritual value can exist, let alone be desirable.” - Benito Mussolini 1931.

  2. FASCISM The Scream - Edvard Munch

  3. Outline • Italy • Germany • Russia

  4. I. Italy • Mussolini, the first Fascist • Early history

  5. I. Italy • Mussolini – rise to power • established local squads of Fascists • tactics • Black Shirts • 1922 March on Rome • consolidation of power till 1926 Cult of personality

  6. I. Italy • Alliance with Germany • Rome-Berlin Axis • “Pact of Iron” • Showing Italian strength • Military campaigns Italian Empire 1940

  7. I. Italy Italian Invasion of Ethiopia 1935-6

  8. Depression strikes and shatters coalition government chancellor rules by decree (Article 48) Unemployment rises dramatically 1928 2,258,000 1930 over 6,000,000 this causes citizens to turn to radical political solutions - both on the left and the right. II. Germany

  9. II. Germany • Emergence of Nazi Party • Business and conservative supporters • Beerhall Putsch Nov 9, 1923 • creation of SA • provide food and uniforms • paramilitary force used for control. 1923 Photo of original members of the SA

  10. 1930 Hitler runs for President and comes in second place 1932 Nazis get 37.2% of vote - Hitler demands to be made chancellor rather than compromise with liberals von Hindenburg names Hitler chancellor Jan 30, 1933. II. Germany

  11. Hitler Consolidates Power secure full legal authority Burning of the Reichstag Feb 27, 1933 allows Hitler to invoke Article 48 to suspend civil liberties Enabling Act March 23, 1933 crush alternative political groups Nazis seize offices, assets of unions - later attack other groups all groups outlawed by July purge Nazi party of rivals order death of head of SA - Ernst Roehm. II. Germany

  12. Burning of the Reichstag

  13. 1934 death of Hindenburg completes Hitler’s rise to power - unifies President and chancellor. II. Germany

  14. Anti-Semitism police state rules all of society 3 stages of oppression 1933 Jews excluded from public offices 1935 Nuremburg Laws - lose citizenship, marriage 1942 extermination Nov 9, 1938 Krystallnacht. II. Germany

  15. Women Nazi party supports “traditional roles” “Aryan Mothers” – popular support - why? II. Germany

  16. III. Russia • Dictatorship of the proletariat • War Communism • New Economic Policy (NEP) • power struggle • Trotsky (world revolution) vs. Stalin (socialism at home).

  17. Stalin’s plan massive industrialization since the NEP was not working to do so must have exports to raise funds works to control wheat production forced collectivization massive resistance to the program 10 million killed millions more “relocated” to “labor camps” famine kills millions more. III. Russia

  18. Collectivization 1928 98% land held by peasants 1938 90% held bycollective farms government now controls food supply tractors as leverage crops exported during famine to pay for industrialization. III. Russia

  19. Production for Stalin’s Five Year Plans

  20. Stalin’s plans led to internal division in the party 1934 first purge after the assassination of a popular political figure expel or imprison hundreds 1936-1938 public purges show trials with absurd confessions turns on army - rids army of heroes removes “Old Bolsheviks” only young Stalin supporters are left.. Stalin’s Purges

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