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Jiří Šafr Institute of Sociology , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic socs.cz

WORKSHOP on Harmonisation of Social Survey Data for Cross - National Comparison. Institute of Sociology , A S CR, Prague 19th October 2010. Social capital in cross-cultural comparison. Opportunity and limits: cultural dimension and social network measurement in representative surveys.

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Jiří Šafr Institute of Sociology , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic socs.cz

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  1. WORKSHOP on Harmonisation of Social Survey Data for Cross - National Comparison Institute of Sociology, AS CR, Prague19th October 2010 Social capital in cross-cultural comparison. Opportunity and limits: cultural dimension and social network measurement in representative surveys Jiří Šafr Institute of Sociology,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic www.soc.cas.cz

  2. Structure • Cultural and structural dimensions of social capital • ISSP 2004 • Cultural dimension (Trust and Tolerance) • Social capital and democracy evaluation • Network measurement: Position generator

  3. Social capital • Cultural dimension • generalized social trust • tolerance and norms of reciprocity Horizontal relationships between citizens But → how to measure? • Trust in state institution → vertical political (civic) culture(citizen – institution) • Structural dimension: • voluntary organization membership→ collective/community SC • „networking“ (diversity, upper reachability, density, …) → individual SC (as resource in individual's action /well being)

  4. ISSP 2004 – Citizenship Cultural dimension of Social Capital • Generalized Social Trust • How often p take advantage / act fairly? (v45) • People: Be trusted or faced carefully? (v46) • Respect and Tolerance (general) • Meet people: respect at first encounter (v68) • Meet people: tolerance of disagreement (v69) • Political tolerance (specific) • Allow public meetings-relig extremists (v14) • Allow public meetgs-p overthrow governm (v15) • Allow public meetings-racist people (v16) • Trust in state → vertical relationship (political culture)

  5. ISSP 2004 – Citizenship - Tolerance Tolerance and respect to other people (in general) aske only in 15 countries Political Tolerance

  6. „Cultural“ Social capital

  7. „Cultural“ Social capital + Political Trust

  8. Social Trust & Tolerance/respect

  9. Social Trust & Membership in voluntary org.

  10. Tolerance/respect & Membership in voluntary org.

  11. Democracy in (COUNTRY): Today

  12. Democracy operation today with: Political culture and social capital measures

  13. Tolerance and Democracy

  14. Network measures? • Membership in voluntary org. is „network“ measure only on aggregate level (collective-community social capital) • At the individual level we need to measurelevel of „networking“ (eg. diversity of networks or resources embedded in networks) mainly in broader social circles (weak ties) • → resource generators / position generator (as a roster techniques)

  15. Position Generator (PG) in Czech survey Social Distance 2007 • egocentric social networks related to social standing (origin by Nan Lin in 1970‘s) • Only in national surveys (ca 10 studies, see http://www.xs4all.nl/~gaag/work), but not standardized for international comparison yet (some effort already done: USA, China and Taiwan study) • Respondents are asked if they know a person from a list of jobs that have different social status. • Czech version (2007): 18 jobs in 3 ties: family, friends, acquaintances • + duration of ties, and gender of contacts.

  16. PG - % of a contacts in CR 2007

  17. Social capital measures from PG in different social groups

  18. PG in CR, Holland, Taiwan Holland:SNSS (van der Gaag) 1999-2000 30jobs Taiwan: Taiwan Social Network Study 1997 (Lin, Fu, Hsung) 15 jobs

  19. Using network measures from PG: • network ISEI score, upper reachability + their combination („double netw. Advantage“) → best capture the concept of social capital as hierarchically ordered social resources. • outputs of the social network: income, job mobility, social trust, life satisfaction, and tolerance of ethnic groups • → only very low correlations when controlled for ego‘s status • But a good tool to reconstruct a closure in social structure of a specific part of society („networking“)

  20. Further prospect of PG for int. comparison • Which professions in a list? • not rare • from all strata (not only high status) • well specified (eg. „Worker“ is vague) • weigh different labor market labor structure • focus on weak ties (measure ties separately) → „bridging effects / strength of weak ties“ • Small list eg. 12 professions/positions for international surveys • PG → status position (social capital in Bourdieu‘s concept) • ideally supplemented with Resource Generator→ social support

  21. Thank you for your attention. jiri.safr@soc.cas.cz

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