GCRCT Review Foldable

1. GCRCT Review Foldable Fill in your foldable as we review information we’ve learned throughout the year. This is a great way to prepare for the GCRCT.

2. G=Government • Unitary –central government holds all power. • China, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kenya, N. Korea, S. Korea, Saudi Arabia, S. Africa, Turkey, Vietnam • Confederation –local governments hold all power. • Federal – power is shared among different levels of government. Power is divided into national and state governments. • India, Sudan, Nigeria

3. G= Government • Autocratic – ruler has unlimited power. • Saudi Arabia, Sudan, N. Korea • Oligarchic – “government by few” • N. Korea, Vietnam, China, Iran • Democratic– the people have supreme power. • India, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, S. Africa, S. Korea, Turkey

4. G= Government • Parliamentary Democracy: • The legislative representatives (elected by the people) makes and carries out the laws . • The party that wins the majority of representatives in the legislature chooses the leader . • Prime Minister is the head of government. • Example: Jordan is a constitutional monarchy where they have a King and Prime Minister. India and Japan • Example: Israel, Turkey, Japan, South Africa

5. G= Government • Presidential Democracy: • President, chief executive, is elected separately from legislature. • President sees that the laws are enforced • President is a separate branch of government from the legislature

6. G= Government • Absolute (Hereditary) Monarchy- government is led by a king who comes from a family that has ruled the country for several generations. • Example: Saudi Arabia • Theocratic Republic – The country’s religious leaders serve as the political leaders (Ayatollah). • Example: Iran

7. G=Geography • Use the map provided to label the following: • Jordan River • Euphrates River • Tigris River • Suez Canal • Persian Gulf • Strait of Hormuz • Arabian Sea • Red Sea • Gaza Strip • Use the map provided to label the countries: • Afghanistan • Iran • Iraq • Israel • Saudi Arabia • Turkey

8. G=Geography • GANGES RIVER: heavily polluted by industries and cremation • YANGTZE RIVER: sewage, chemicals (both agriculture and industrial waste) • Three Gorges Dam – negative impact, plants, animals, fish die, people eat fish get ill • POLLUTION - India and China heavy air pollution due to growing population and industry, auto (fuel = coal) effect = respiratory and heart disease, acid rain

9. G=Geography • Desertification – overgrazing and human activity (Sahel) • Green Line – place where cultivated land ends and desert begins • Famine – many African countries, climate changes, political conflict, poor prices for African goods, disease, corrupt governments

10. C=Countries (History) • Ottoman Empire: • Controlled much of the Middle East from the 1300s until end of WWI • Ottoman Empire was overthrown and divided by the British and French • Boundary lines did not take into account ethnic groups and conflict has resulted (APB).

11. C=Countries (History) • Palestine was created after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. • Important to Christians, Jews, and Muslims. • Conflict began between Palestinian Arabs and Jews that were migrating there (Zionist). • Zionist – those who believed the world’s Jews deserved to return to homeland in Zion, or parts where Jews had lived in Biblical times. • Widespread anti-Semitism began (hatred for Jews simply because they practice Judaism).

12. C=Countries (History) • Persian Gulf Conflict: • 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait in an effort to control their oil reserves. • United Nations and U.S. supported Kuwait in the war against Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein • This was known as the Persian Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm • 1991, Iraq accepted a truce and withdrew

13. C=Countries (History) • Invasion of Afghanistan: • 2001, attacks on the U.S. began a military operation in Afghanistan to capture the terrorist group, Al-Qaeda • It was believed that the radical Muslim government of Afghanistan, the Taliban, was hiding Al-Qaeda • U.S. forces are still there

14. C=Countries (History) • Invasion of Iraq: • 2003, U.S. claimed that Saddam Hussein had nuclear weapons and was helping Al-Qaeda • Also called Operation Iraqi Freedom • U.S. forces are still there

15. C=Countries (History) How Nationalism led to Independence • India -Part of British empire -Indian National Congress and Muslim League work together to become independent -Gandhi – refused to cooperate with British law through civil disobedience (non-violent) -end of WWII, British grant independence but Hindu and Muslim require creation of two countries – India and Pakistan

16. C=Countries (History) • Vietnam -worked to maintain independence from China. Protest French rule – Ho Chi Minh leader. US involved – afraid of communist takeover of region (Domino Effect). US withdraws and becomes Republic of Vietnam. • Japan -US rebuilt after WWII. MacArthur Constitution requires two house parliament called Diet. Emperor is ceremonial or symbol – no control. Could not rebuild military.

17. C=Countries (History) • China Mao Zedong set up Communist party in China. Tried to control and improve through -Great Leap Forward – organize farms into collectives – made things worse -Cultural Revolution – encourage students to leave school and fight against anything that encouraged class differences -Tiananmen Square – student protest against communism – Xiaoping ordered soldiers to end protest – arrested and fired on students

18. C=Countries (History) Foreign Involvement • Korea -end of WWII, USSR control North and US controlled South. Communist North and Democratic South -US believed all countries around them would fall like dominoes (Domino Theory) if South Korea became communist. Ended N=Communist and S=Democratic

19. C=Countries (History) Foreign Involvement • Vietnam -also Domino Theory -Ho Chi Minh = communist, US support French reclaim after WWII. France give up and US step in from 1954-1975 -ended with all Vietnam communist

20. C=Countries (History) • African countries became independent after WWII • Europeans first wanted slaves then raw materials • Imperialism, Europeans control economy and government • Indirect rule – using Africans to run colony • Assimilation – giving up one’s own customs for another • New African countries followed old colonial boundaries • Nationalism –Supporting a national identity when it does not exist as a sovereign nation, desire for self-rule • Pan-African movement – get Africans to think of themselves as one people and work together

21. C=Countries (History) • South Africa • Founded by Dutch in 1600s called Boers • Apartheid, legal separation of races • ANC (African National Congress), organized to end apartheid • F.W. DeKlerk, white president who let Mandela out of prison • Nelson Mandela, first democratically elected black president

22. C=Countries (History) • Kenya – former British colony, Joseph Kenyatta first leader, • Nigeria – civil war between Christian south and Muslim north, military coups and violence, corruption, unstable government • Nigeria –has oil but is a poor country, government corruption, civil war, military rule, has arable land but government focus is on oil • South Africa – developed country, skilled workers, gold and diamond mines, high unemployment

23. R=Religion • Religious group – shares a belief system in a god or gods, with specific set of rituals and literature • Christianity, Islam, and Judaism started in the Middle East • These religions share a common history • There is great conflict between these groups still

24. R=Religion • Judaism: • Israel is the only country that is mostly Jewish • Monotheistic – believe in one God • Spiritual text – the Torah • Believe to have a covenant with God (Yahweh) in which he promised them the land in Israel • Founder – Abraham • Believers are called Jews

25. R=Religion • Christianity: • Grew out of Judaism • Founder – Jesus Christ • Monotheistic • Spiritual text – the Bible • Largest religion • Believers are called Christians

26. R=Religion • Islam • Began in Mecca • Founder – Muhammad • Monotheistic; believe in Allah • Believers are called Muslims • Spiritual Text – Quran • Follow the 5 Pillars • Separated into two sects after Muhammad’s death: • Sunni Muslims • Shia Muslims

27. R=Religion • Islam (Continued): • Sunni Muslims • Believe that the Muslim leadership should go to the one that can keep the community together the most • 85% of Muslims • Shia Muslims • Believe that the Muslim leadership should go to a direct descendant of Muhammad. • Iran is over 90% Shia

28. R=Religion • HINDUISM -one of the oldest religions -developed in India out of Aryans -Vedas -reincarnation -Karma • Buddhism -began in India with Gautama -Four Noble Truths -Nirvana – end of suffering, a state of peace -Middle Way and Eight Fold Path -Caste system

29. R=Religion • Shinto -earliest religion in Japan -Kami – divine spirit in nature -altars in home • Confucianism -Confucius -key to peace and order is good character and virtue -Golden Rule -Five basic relationships -mainly China • Traditional African – spirits (ancestors) with supernatural powers

30. C=Culture and Climate • Ethnic group – a group of people who share cultural ideas and beliefs that have been a part of their community for generations. • Share things such as language, religion, types of food, history, celebrations, etc. • Arabs • Believe that they are descendants of Abraham • Most are Muslim • Many are Christians • Speak Arabic • Make up majority of those living in Middle East

31. C=Culture and Climate • Persians: • Live in Iran • Descended from Indo-Europeans • Speak Farsi • Practice Islam (most are Shia Muslims) • Kurds: • Found in mountainous areas where Syria, Turkey, and Iran come together • Speak Kurdish • Hope to have their own nation • Most are Sunni Muslim

32. C=Culture and Climate • The three major rivers in the Middle East offer: • Transportation • Drinking water • Boundary lines • Irrigation • Trade • Major cities, which are the center of industry, are located along the rivers

33. C=Culture and Climate • Large deserts, such as Syrian Desert and Rub al Khali, provide natural barriers • Led to a way of life that was developed around surviving harsh surroundings • Bedouins - desert nomads; live in tent camps, they are herders and traders • Very hot and dry climate • Many people are subsistence farmers – grow small amounts to take care of personal needs

34. C=Culture and Climate • Many types of irrigation are used in the Middle East to bring water to those dry areas • Desalination – process of removing salt and other chemicals from seawater so that it can be drinkable and usable • Dams have been built to create hydroelectric power • This causes a problem because it creates more water for one country while taking water away from another

35. C=Culture and Climate • India -subcontinent, fertile plain, seasonal monsoons used for agriculture. Live along rivers because rely on agriculture. Cities overcrowded • China -every type of climate, most live in the milder climate – in the east by industry and farming • Japan -ocean effect climate, typhoons, monsoons, farmers live in warmer, fishers live in cooler

36. C=Culture and Climate • South Korea -warmer climate, much farming • North Korea -mountainous, colder, not as heavily populated as South Korea • Vietnam -warm, tropical, farming 90% of world’s rice grown here • Swahili = Bantu + Arabic languages

37. T= Trade (Economics) • Located between three continents, the Middle East has played a major role in trade. • Conflict has risen because of the uneven distribution of oil. • Natural gas and oil bring wealth into the region • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – controls the price of oil on the world market • Rich in oil – Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait • No oil – Israel

38. T= Trade (Economics) • Literacy – the ability to read and write, has a big effect on the standard of living (economy) • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – value of goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. • Used to measure living conditions of a country • Higher GDP = better living conditions • Per capita – amount of goods and services produced divided by total population

39. T= Trade (Economics) • Traditional Economy – based on customs and how decisions were made in the past • Rural areas • Subsistence farmers and herders • Barter and trade goods, not money • Command Economy – government makes basic economic decisions for workers • Government answers the three basic economic questions, not individuals • Example: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, N. Korea

40. T= Trade (Economics) • Market Economy – individuals answer the three basic questions of economics and make economic decisions. • Also called free – enterprise, laissez-faire, and capitalist • Japan and S. Korea • Mixed Economy – has characteristics of both market and command economies • Example: Israel, India (more Market), China (more Command)

41. T= Trade (Economics) • Three basic economic questions: • What to produce? • How to produce? • For whom to produce? • Specialization – products a country makes best and other countries demand • Trade barriers – anything that slows down or prevents a country from trading

42. T= Trade (Economics) • Tariff – tax placed on goods • Quota – sets a specific amount of a particular product that can be imported • Embargo – when one country won’t trade with another • Exchange rate – a system of changing from one type of currency to another

43. T= Trade (Economics) • Human capital – skills that allow workers to produce goods • Capital goods – factories, machines, and technology that people use to make goods • Entrepreneurs – think of new ways to combine productive resources and produce goods • Risk takers • Creative and original

44. T= Trade (Economics) • CHINA -Mao Zedong - set up collective farms, Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution -Xiaoping – Four Modernizations, Special Economic Zones near coast to encourage international business *today more small business • INDIA -traditional and market -Green Revolution to modernize agriculture but caused water pollution -movie industry, technology, outsourcing

45. T= Trade (Economics) • JAPAN - Technology advanced - Little farmland, terraces - Government involved with trade barriers • NORTH KOREA -least open, most government directed, highly command -not enough agriculture to feed population – government tells them what to grow -mineral resources -money spent on military

46. T= Trade (Economics) • HUMAN CAPITAL vs. GDP -INDIA highly educated, human capital very important, top 10 industrial nation, GDP increasing by 8.5% a year -CHINA highly invested in human capital, GDP increasing by 8% a year, rural areas still low and economy not strong there -JAPAN one of the most powerful industrial nations, literacy 99% - among most highly educated in the world

47. T= Trade (Economics) • CAPITAL vs. GDP INDIA invest in factories, machinery and technology; increase GDP CHINA modern equipment and technology; increase GDP JAPAN nearly all GDP comes from industry and services. Invest in technology to increase GDP – made more investment in capital than most countries in the world

48. T= Trade (Economics) • Water issues – pollution, unequal distribution, irrigation, human consumption, linked to economic growth • HIV/AIDS in Africa, severe problem, lack of government organization to prevent spread

49. T= Trade (Economics) • Personal Finance: • Income – money earned • Savings – money not used for needs and wants • Financial investment – bank accounts with interest, mutual funds, certificates of deposit • Real investment – equipment, factories, real estate • Credit – ability to borrow money