The Early Cold War: 1947-1970

1. The EarlyCold War:1947-1970 Ms. Susan M. Pojer With the usual additions, manipulations, & general bastardizing of her information by me, Prime Chancellor President Scherrman

2. Felt objections to them was plan to surround them with hostile neighbors. Felt it was a worldwide plot to foil capitalism The Cold War Blows in… Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies • Extending borders & dominating eastern European countries would provide needed security & compensation for war loses. • DESPISE CAPITALISM! • Support for $elf determination, democracy, freedom of the $eas, no barrier$ of inve$tment, & Open Door policy in the economic $phere

3. ON WWII the "capitalist system of world economy'' conceals within itself ''the elements of general crisis and military clashes…Marxists have declared more than once that the capitalist system harbors elements of general crises and armed conflicts and that, hence the development of world capitalism proceeds... through crises and military conflicts.'' --Stalin February 9, 1946 A difference in opinion…

4. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, March 5,1946

5. Spread world wide communism Cominform-(Communist Information Bureau) used to join all communists throughout E. Europe GOALS… • “Containment”-resist Soviet expansion and expect the Soviet Union would collapse from internal pressure.

6. Post-War Germany

7. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49) • Stalin wanted complete control of Berlin. • Wanted to be sole supplier. • Soviets started blockade the day the allies issued a uniform currency. • From June ’48-May ’49 • Becomes a “propaganda” battle.

8. U.S. & British planes flew around the clock. A landing every 3 minutes. By spring: 400 planes were delivering 8,000 tons of supplies a day. “Easter Record” (4/17/09) To “show” the U.S.S.R the futility of the blockade From Noon on Saturday till noon on Easter Sunday the airlift flew 1,398 sorties bringing in just under 13,000 tons of supplies. Attitudes of Germans towards “allies” changed. U.S.S.R lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949. STATS • 550,000+ sorties • 500,000 tons of food • 1.5 million tons of coal • Newsprint, tree seeds, & other supplies • 175,000 people lifted out. • 25 planes crashed (70 lives lost) Berlin Airlift http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d7eOF8-4gw

9. Truman Doctrine [1947] I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. -President Harry S. Truman to Joint Session of Congress 12 March 1957 • Civil War in Greece. • Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. • The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

10. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

11. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program.” • Secretary of State, George Marshall • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. • $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.

12. Nikita Khrushchev: 1956-1964 Leonid Brezhnev: 1964-1982 Yuri Andropov: 1982-1984 Constantin Chernenko: 1984-85 Mikhail Gorbachev:85-91 Boris Yeltsin: ’91-2000 Vladimir Putin: 2000-08 Dmitry Medvedev: May ‘08 SOVIET LEADERSPost-Stalin

13. Episodes of the Cold War

14. The Arms Race: • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Both sides developed the hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) by 1953. • Brinkmanship: the willingness of each side to go to the brink, or edge, of war. • Both sides began to build up their military and stockpile nuclear weapons.

15. By the 1950’s, most European countries were committed to one side or the other. What two treaty organizations represented each side? Review / Discussion Questions

16. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

17. Warsaw Pact (1955) Formal recognition of COMECON (Council of Mutual Assistance) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

18. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

19. “Before arriving here I had a picture of Mr. Garst's good farm from accounts and films. I have known Mr. Garst for years; however it is always better to see than to hear. Khrushchev visits IowaSeptember 23, 1959 Let us exchange experience. This will be useful to our countries

20. In what areas did the Cold War get “hot”? Korea & Vietnam Review / Discussion Questions

21. 38th parallel The Korean War: A U.N. “Police Action” (1950-1953) • NORTH • Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. • Backed by USSR Someone order Chinese? SOUTH Republic of Korea USA / UN “Domino Theory”

22. What term describes that European economic and political recovery was accompanied by the abandonment of imperialism, as European powers gave independence to their colonies in Africa and Asia? Review / Discussion Questions

23. DECOLONIZATION! Combination of rising African & Asian nationalism and European weakness led to the independence of most of the European colonies and the end of European imperialism! Major turning away from a the previous 500 years of European History. Review / Discussion Questions

24. Egypt took control of canal and war broke out with Israel. (1956) France & England support Israel. Wanted to regain control & influence After victory USA & USSR did not support & Anglo-French troops had to withdraw. The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957 LESSON LEARNED? Without the U.S.A., W. Europe could no longer use military force to impose their will on the world.

25. Where & when was Kruschev’s plans for “de-stalinization” laid out? THE SECRET SPEECH OF 1956 Why is it a “secret”? Delivered in a closed session of the Party Congress. (Finally printed for the public in 1989) Review / Discussion Questions

26. What actions did Kruschev take that increased tensions between the U.S.S.R and the West? Crushed the Hungarian Revolt 1956 Built the Berlin Wall in 1961. Ordered nuclear missiles to be placed in Cuba in 1962. Review / Discussion Questions

27. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) In May 1960, Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace. The CIA conducted secret high altitude spy plane missions over Soviet territory to gain information and prevent surprise attacks.

28. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

29. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

30. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

31. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet President Khrushchev secretly started to build 42 missile sites in Cuba. US demanded their removal and put up a Naval blockade. Pushed both sides extremely close to a nuclear war. Khrushchev removed missiles but relations with Cuba and Soviet Union were damaged.

32. Who lead the “Prague Spring” movement demanding reforms from the Soviet Union? Alexander Dubček Review / Discussion Questions

33. Review / Discussion Questions