Chapter 20- the Cold War & Postwar Changes 1945-1970

1. Chapter 20- the Cold War & Postwar Changes 1945-1970 20.2- The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

2. The Soviet Union & Eastern Europe • Main Ideas • As Soviet leader, Khrushchev initiated policies of de-Stalinization • The Soviet Union faced revolts and protests in its attempt to gain and maintain control over Eastern Europe • Key Terms • heavy industry- the manufacture of machines and equipment for factories and mines • de-Stalinization- the process of eliminating some of Stalin’s ruthless policies

3. The Reign of Stalin • The economy of the Soviet Union was devastated by World War II • Stalin used harsh tactics to control every aspect of Soviet society • all literary and scientific work had to conform to the political needs of the state • goods were produced almost exclusively for export • money from export goods was used to buy machinery and Western technology

4. The Reign of Stalin • By the end of the 1950s the Soviet Union a became world power • new power plants, canals, and giant factories • heavy industryincreased • the testing of the hydrogen bomb in 1953 • the launch of the first space satellite Sputnik I in 1957 • Stalin died in 1953

5. The Khrushchev Era • After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev became the chief policy maker in the Soviet Union

6. The Khrushchev Era • Under Khrushchev, de-Stalinization was put in place • condemned Stalin for his “administrative violence, mass repression, and terror” • loosened government controls on literature • placed emphasis on producing consumer goods • the government destroyed pictures and statues of Stalin • places named after Stalin, such as Stalingrad and Stalin Peak, were renamed during this program to dishonor Stalin

7. The Khrushchev Era • Khrushchev was forced into retirement in 1964 • his foreign policy in Cuba failed • attempts to increase agricultural output failed • the industrial growth rate also declined

8. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain • After World War II, Soviet-controlled Communist governments took control of Eastern European countries • Eastern European satellite states instituted Soviet-type five-year plans with emphasis on heavy industry • They began to collectivize agriculture • They set up secret police and military forces

10. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain • Exceptions to the pattern of Soviet dominance: • Albania, the Communist government grew increasingly independent of the Soviet Union • Yugoslavia, led by Tito, was an independent Communist state until Tito’s death in 1980.

11. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain • Revolts against communism • After Stalin’s death many Eastern European states tried to make reforms • The Soviet Union, however, made it clear that it would not allow its Eastern European satellites to become independent • In 1956 revolts against communism erupted in Poland, and a series of reforms were adopted • Fearful of a Soviet armed response, however, the Poles pledged to remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact

12. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain • Imre Nagy • Hungarian leader • declared Hungary a free nation in 1956 • Soviet troops attacked Budapest and reestablished control of the country • Alexander Dubček • first secretary of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia • introduced reforms to the country, including freedom of speech and press • the Soviet Army invaded Czechoslovakia, crushed the reform movement, and reestablished Soviet control